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101.
102.
In recent international and Australian early childhood curriculum guidelines and child-protection policies, the need for teachers of young children to foster spirituality has been highlighted. However, what this might mean in practice has not been widely explored. This article addresses the more controversial issue of spiritual abuse and the right of children to protection in terms of spiritual development. We present a critique of current definitions taken from research and policy documents. Qualitative data provide the research background. Vignettes are presented to give examples of what spiritual harm might look like in practice. Finally, a strengths-based approach is introduced and strategies are suggested in order to explore the potential of the Strengths Approach (a social justice approach originating from social service practice) to aid early years’ teachers to create spiritually protective learning environments. This approach recognises and values children’s holistic development and wellbeing and supports them to appreciate, engage with and question the world around them with a resilient spirit. 相似文献
103.
104.
A new grouping principle, uniform connectedness (UC), has been posited to be a basic organizer of visual pattern information,
one that takes precedence over other, more classic grouping principles (Palmer & Rock, 1994), but its ontogenetic origins
have not previously been investigated. We examined whether 3- to 4-month-olds and 6- to 7-month-olds utilize UC to organize
static two-dimensional displays. Infants habituated to uniformly connected patterns exhibited a novelty preference for disconnected
element patterns, whereas those without any habituation failed to exhibit a preference. The results indicate that infants
are sensitive to UC as a cue for perceptual organization. Prior studies indicate that some Gestalt principles (e.g., common
movement) are functional during the first half year of life, but that other principles (e.g., form similarity) are less readily
available. The present finding showing that young infants are sensitive to UC points to the foundational nature of this cue
and adds to an emerging body of evidence indicating that at least some of the mechanisms believed to produce perceptual organization
in adults are already operational in the first months of life. nt]mis|This research was supported by grants from the National
Science Foundation (BCS 0224240) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD042451). 相似文献
105.
106.
Motor deficits are the most common outcome of brain damage. Although a large part of such disturbances arises from loss of elementary sensorimotor functions, several syndromes cannot be explained purely on these bases. In this article, we briefly describe higher-order motor impairments, with specific attention to the characteristic ability of the human hand to interact with objects and tools. Disruption of this motor skill at several independent levels is used to outline a comprehensive model, in which various current proposals for a modular organization of hand-object interactions can be integrated. In this model, cortical mechanisms related to object interaction are independent from representations of the semantic features of objects. 相似文献
107.
Gutchess AH Welsh RC Boduroglu A Park DC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(2):102-109
Behavioral research suggests that Westerners focus more on objects, whereas East Asians attend more to relationships and contexts.
We evaluated the neural basis for these cultural differences in an event-related fMRI study. East Asian and American participants
incidentally encoded pictures of (1) a target object alone, (2) a background scene with no discernable target object, and
(3) a distinct target object against a meaningful background. Americans, relative to East Asians, activated more regions implicated
in object processing, including bilateral middle temporal gyrus, left superior parietal/angular gyrus, and right superior
temporal/supramarginal gyrus. In contrast to the cultural differences in object-processing areas, few differences emerged
in background-processing regions. These results suggest that cultural experiences subtly direct neural activity, particularly
for focal objects, at an early stage of scene encoding. 相似文献
108.
We asked whether the ability to keep in working memory the binding between a visual object and its spatial location changes with development across the life span more than memory for item information. Paired arrays of colored squares were identical or differed in the color of one square, and in the latter case, the changed color was unique on that trial (item change) or was duplicated elsewhere in the array (color-location binding change). Children (8-10 and 11-12 years old) and older adults (65-85 years old) showed deficits relative to young adults. These were only partly simulated by dividing attention in young adults. The older adults had an additional deficiency, specifically in binding information, which was evident only when item- and binding-change trials were mixed together. In that situation, the older adults often overlooked the more subtle, binding-type changes. Some working memory processes related to binding undergo life-span development in an inverted-U shape, whereas other, bias- and salience-related processes that influence the use of binding information seem to develop monotonically. 相似文献
109.
Dion, Berscheid, and Walster (1972), in their seminal article, labeled the attribution of positive characteristics to attractive people the "beauty-is-good" stereotype. The stereotyping literature since then provides extensive evidence for the differential judgment and treatment of attractive versus unattractive people, but does not indicate whether it is an advantage to be attractive or a disadvantage to be unattractive. Two studies investigated the direction of attractiveness stereotyping by comparing judgments of positive and negative attributes for medium vs. low and medium vs. high attractive faces. Taken together, results for adults (Experiment 1) and children (Experiment 2) suggest that most often, unattractiveness is a disadvantage, consistent with negativity bias (e.g., Rozin & Royzman, 2001) but contrary to the "beauty-is-good" aphorism. 相似文献
110.
Recent work has demonstrated that facial familiarity can moderate the influence of inversion when completing a configural processing task. Here, we examine whether familiarity interacts with intermediate angles of orientation in the same way that it interacts with inversion. Participants were asked to make a gender classification to familiar and unfamiliar faces shown at seven angles of orientation. Speed and accuracy of performance were assessed for stimuli presented (i) as whole faces and (ii) as internal features. When presented as whole faces, the task was easy, as revealed by ceiling levels of accuracy and no effect of familiarity or angle of rotation on response times. However, when stimuli were presented as internal features, an influence of facial familiarity was evident. Unfamiliar faces showed no increase in difficulty across angle of rotation, whereas familiar faces showed a marked increase in difficulty across angle, which was explained by significant linear and cubic trends in the data. Results were interpreted in terms of the benefit gained from a mental representation when face processing was impaired by stimulus rotation. 相似文献