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961.
Jean E. Dumas Jenelle Nissley-Tsiopinis Angela D. Moreland 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(1):1-26
Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to the process of engagement in preventive parenting groups, we tested the ability
of family and child measures to predict intent to enroll, enrollment, attendance, and quality of participation in PACE (Parenting
Our Children to Excellence). PACE is a prevention trial testing the efficacy of a structured program to promote effective
parenting and reduce risk of adverse child outcomes. Mothers of preschoolers (N=451) from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds participated at two sites. Results showed that mothers who stated
their intent to enroll reported relatively few time constraints but high levels of stress, as did mothers who enrolled. The
latter also experienced elevated levels of oppositional defiant child behaviors, indicating that the program reached families
who stood to benefit from it. Attendance, which was also best predicted by few time constraints, was high (with 49% of mothers
who enrolled attending 5 or more of 8 sessions). In turn, attendance predicted quality of participation (at 1 site only),
with mothers attending more sessions participating more actively and enthusiastically. Ethnicity and, with a few exceptions,
socioeconomic circumstances and site, were not significant predictors of intent, enrollment, or attendance. Results provide
qualified support for the TPB and illustrate its relevance to preventive research and interventions. 相似文献
962.
963.
George Fouriezos Gary Capstick Fran?ois Monette Christine Bellemare Matthew Parkinson Angela Dumoulin 《Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale》2007,61(4):277-292
The flash-lag effect is a visual illusion wherein intermittently flashed, stationary stimuli seem to trail after a moving visual stimulus despite being flashed synchronously. We tested hypotheses that the flash-lag effect is due to spatial extrapolation, shortened perceptual lags, or accelerated acquisition of moving stimuli, all of which call for an earlier awareness of moving visual stimuli over stationary ones. Participants judged synchrony of a click either to a stationary flash of light or to a series of adjacent flashes that seemingly bounced off or bumped into the edge of the visual display. To be judged synchronous with a stationary flash, audio clicks had to be presented earlier--not later--than clicks that went with events, like a simulated bounce (Experiment 1) or crash (Experiments 2-4), of a moving visual target. Click synchrony to the initial appearance of a moving stimulus was no different than to a flash, but clicks had to be delayed by 30-40 ms to seem synchronous with the final (crash) positions (Experiment 2). The temporal difference was constant over a wide range of motion velocity (Experiment 3). Interrupting the apparent motion by omitting two illumination positions before the last one did not alter subjective synchrony, nor did their occlusion, so the shift in subjective synchrony seems not to be due to brightness contrast (Experiment 4). Click synchrony to the offset of a long duration stationary illumination was also delayed relative to its onset (Experiment 5). Visual stimuli in motion enter awareness no sooner than do stationary flashes, so motion extrapolation, latency difference, and motion acceleration cannot explain the flash-lag effect. 相似文献
964.
Human decisions cannot be explained solely by rational imperatives but are strongly influenced by emotion. Theoretical and behavioral studies provide a sound empirical basis to the impact of the emotion of regret in guiding choice behavior. Recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging data have stressed the fundamental role of the orbitofrontal cortex in mediating the experience of regret. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data indicate that reactivation of activity within the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala occurring during the phase of choice, when the brain is anticipating possible future consequences of decisions, characterizes the anticipation of regret. In turn, these patterns reflect learning based on cumulative emotional experience. Moreover, affective consequences can induce specific mechanisms of cognitive control of the choice processes, involving reinforcement or avoidance of the experienced behavior. 相似文献
965.
C. van Aken M. Junger M. Verhoeven M. A. G. van Aken M. Deković 《Infant and child development》2007,16(5):553-572
The present study aimed to determine the potential moderating effects of temperamental traits on the relation between parenting and toddlers' externalizing behaviours. For that purpose, this study examined the interplay between temperament and maternal parenting behaviours in predicting the level as well as the development of toddlers' externalizing behaviours. Participants were 115 boys (wave 1, M=16.9 months; wave 2, M=23.2 months) and their mothers, who were observed in a 13‐min structured play session at home. With regard to the prediction of the level of externalizing behaviours at wave 1, main effects were found for children's temperamental characteristics. In addition, maternal negative control interacted significantly with children's inhibitory control in predicting this level of externalizing behaviours. The findings with regard to the development of externalizing behaviours showed that the effects of maternal negative control and lack of maternal sensitivity were stronger for toddlers with a difficult temperament: maternal negative control and lack of maternal sensitivity were related to an increase in externalizing behaviours for temperamentally difficult children only. These results offer support for the goodness‐of‐fit hypothesis, stressing the idea that the effects of temperament and the social environment depend to a large extent on their interplay. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
966.
Goh JO Chee MW Tan JC Venkatraman V Hebrank A Leshikar ED Jenkins L Sutton BP Gutchess AH Park DC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(1):44-52
Behavioral differences in the visual processing of objects and backgrounds as a function of cultural group are well documented.
Recent neuroimaging evidence also points to cultural differences in neural activation patterns. Compared with East Asians,
Westerners’ visual processing is more object focused, and they activate neural structures that reflect this bias for objects.
In a recent adaptation study, East Asian older adults showed an absence of an object-processing area but normal adaptation
for background areas. In the present study, 75 young and old adults (half East Asian and half Western) were tested in an fMR-adaptation
study to examine differences in object and background processing as well as object—background binding. We found equivalent
background processing in the parahippocampal gyrus in all four groups, diminished binding processes in the hippocampus in
elderly East Asians and Westerners, and diminished object processing in elderly versus young adults in the lateral occipital
complex. Moreover, elderly East Asians showed significantly less adaptation response in the object areas than did elderly
Westerners. These findings demonstrate the malleability of perceptual processes as a result of differences in cohort-specific
experiences or in cultural exposure over time. 相似文献
967.
DEWEX is a server-based environment for developing Web-based experiments. It provides many features for creating and running
complex experimental designs on a local server. It is freeware and allows for both using default features, for which only
text input is necessary, and easy configurations that can be set up by the experimenter. The tool also provides log files
on the local server that can be interpreted and analyzed very easily. As an illustration of how DEWEX can be used, a recent
study is presented that demonstrates the system’s most important features. This study investigated learning from multiple
hypertext sources and shows the influences of task, source of information, and hypertext presentation format on the construction
of mental representations of a hypertext about a historical event. 相似文献
968.
Branco AU 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2007,41(1):41-49
Methodological issues in psychology consist of a key aspect for the scientific development of the discipline. In this paper I elaborate on the reasons why I partially agree with Toomela's ideas, and why I also disagree with some of his arguments. The convergence refers to the need for a radical change concerning the widespread use of methodologies that has been typical of mainstream psychology, which still flavors too positivist and pseudo-quantitative, overlooking the central relevance of theory for scientific development. The divergence resides in Toomela's insistence to oppose what he designates as "the North American" to "the German-Austrian" scientific thinking: from my perspective, the misuse of cultural categories can only lead to misguided and unconstructive dichotomies that entails a naive concept of culture, and do not contribute to scientific development. From a contemporary systemic approach, complex issues deserve more sophisticated analysis. 相似文献
969.
David E. Conroy Miranda P. Kaye Angela M. Fifer 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2007,25(4):237-253
This study investigated links between three forms of perfectionism and beliefs associated with fear of failure (FF). College
students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Performance Failure Appraisal
Inventory in a single session. After controlling for other forms of perfectionism, only socially prescribed perfectionism
(SPP) was strongly associated with beliefs that failure led to aversive interpersonal consequences (i.e., important others
losing interest, upsetting important others). Other-oriented perfectionism (OOP) exhibited a weak negative relation with beliefs
that failure would lead to devaluation of one’s self-estimate; individuals who held the highest standards for others’ behavior
had the weakest beliefs that failure would lead to them devaluing their self-estimate. Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) was
not associated with any beliefs that failure led to aversive consequences; however, when SOP and OOP were simultaneously elevated,
they contributed positively to fears of experiencing shame and embarrassment (above and beyond main effects of SPP). Collectively
these findings indicated that FF was not ubiquitous with all forms of perfectionism because the specific beliefs about the
consequences of failure that underlie different forms of perfectionism varied tremendously.
This research was supported in part by a grant from the College of Health & Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University. 相似文献
970.
Resnick H Acierno R Waldrop AE King L King D Danielson C Ruggiero KJ Kilpatrick D 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(10):2432-2447
A randomized between-group design was used to evaluate the efficacy of a video intervention to reduce post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems, implemented prior to the forensic medical examination conducted within 72 h post-sexual assault. Participants were 140 female victims of sexual assault (68 video/72 nonvideo) aged 15 years or older. Assessments were targeted for 6 weeks (Time 1) and 6 months (Time 2) post-assault. At Time 1, the intervention was associated with lower scores on measures of PTSD and depression among women with a prior rape history relative to scores among women with a prior rape history in the standard care condition. At Time 2, depression scores were also lower among those with a prior rape history who were in the video relative to the standard care condition. Small effects indicating higher PTSD and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores among women without a prior rape history in the video condition were observed at Time 1. Accelerated longitudinal growth curve analysis indicated a videoxprior rape history interaction for PTSD, yielding four patterns of symptom trajectory over time. Women with a prior rape history in the video condition generally maintained the lowest level of symptoms. 相似文献