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901.
This article is an examination of how the intersection of sport and race plays out in the sexualization of the sporting role
of African American male athletes. Further, the article is an examination of the multiple roles the media, sport, and race
play as these impact the public persona of African American male athletes in high-profile sports. The article concludes with
a number of recommendations for ending the negative images of African American male athletes.
To the white public, we are athletes, rappers, preachers, singers—and precious little else. We are also robberts, rapists,
mentally deficient and sexually well endowed. —Ellis Cose, The Envy of the World: On Being a Black Man in America (2002; New York: Washington Square Press, 3–4)
First of all, let me say good after ... good late afternoon. Because of the HIV virus I have attained, I will have to announce
my retirement from the Lakers today. I just want to make clear, first of all, that I do not have the AIDS disease, because
I know a lot of you want to know that, but the HIV virus. My wife is fine, she’s negative, so no problem with her. I plan
on going on, living for a long time, bugging you guys like I always have. So you’ll see me around. I plan on being with the
Lakers and the league—hopefully [Commissioner] David [Stern] will have me for a while—and going on with my life. I guess now
I get to enjoy some of the other sides of living—that [were missed] because of the season and the long practices and so on.
I just want to say that I’m going to miss playing. And I will now become a spokesman for the HIV virus because I want people,
young people, to realize they can practice safe sex. And, you know, sometimes you’re a little naive about it and you think
it could never happen to you. You only thought it could happen to, you know, other people and so on and on. And it has happened.
—Magic Johnson—Press Conference at L.A. Lakers Compound Washington Post, November 9, 1991 相似文献
902.
Maria Angela C. Castro 《Journal of applied social psychology》1974,4(3):194-209
Drawing on equity theory, two possibilities that might reduce resentment of the donor following the receipt of aid which cannot be repaid were investigated: (a) the cost to the donor is minimized, and (b) the recipient has an opportunity to aid a third party. The results provide evidence that the recipient will like the donor less and be less willing to request future aid when he cannot repay the aid than when he can. Weak support was received by the hypothesis that the tendency to like the donor less when the aid cannot be repaid will be stronger, the greater the perceived cost. Support was found for the hypothesis that the decreased willingness to request future aid when the aid cannot be repaid will be stronger, the greater the perceived cost. Support was found for the hypotheses that the recipient will like the donor more and be more willing to request future aid when he has an opportunity to aid a third party than when he cannot aid anyone. 相似文献
903.
Elizabeth K. Warrington Angela M. Taylor 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1973,25(3):316-322
Immediate recognition memory span and short-term forgetting for non-verbal stimuli (“unfamiliar faces”) were investigated in normal subjects and amnesic patients. Surnames were used as a verbal control. It was found that normal subjects had a reliable immediate recognition span of one for faces and that there was no decrement in performance in the retention of three faces over a 30-s interval. Amnesic subjects were impaired on both the immediate memory span task and on the short-term forgetting task. This pattern of results contrasts with those obtained using surnames on which the results were comparable to other verbal S.T.M. tasks. It is suggested that performance on these tasks of recognition memory for faces is determined by L.T.M. processes. The implications for the interpretation of S.T.M. are discussed. 相似文献
904.
As a parallel to the dual decoding concept for processing of written language we proposed that phonological encoding does not necessarily occur in writing and that the phonemic and graphemic subsystems can be independent on the one-word level. This hypothesis was tested by comparing oral and written performance in a picture-naming task in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. In addition, the residual tacit knowledge of the orthographic properties of the names of the pictures was examined with a multiple-choice recognition task. The principal finding is that Broca's aphasics who were better in written than in oral naming showed more graphemically and semantically motivated errors than aphasics who were better in oral than in written naming, the latter producing more phonemically motivated errors. This result supports the dual encoding concept for writing on the singleword level, implying a direct route from the mental lexicon to the graphemic system in parallel with a route mediated by the phonemic system. Multiple-choice recognition was found to be superior to both oral and written performance in both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics. 相似文献
905.
Jacqui Smith Steven Hausfeld Roderick P. Power Angela Gorta 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,32(5):454-464
Three experiments with musicians and nonmusicians (N=338) explored variations of Deutsch’s musical scale illusion. Conditions under which the illusion occurs were elucidated and data obtained which supported Bregman’s suggestion that auditory streaming results from a competition among alternative perceptual organizations. In nExperiment 1, a series of studies showed that it is more difficult to induce the scale illusion than might be expected if it is accepted that an illusion will be present for most observers despite minor changes in stimuli and experimental conditions, The stimulus sequence seems better described as an ambiguous figure. Having discovered conditions under which the scale illusion could be reliably induced, Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated additional properties of the stimulus (timbre, loudness, and tune) to provide cues to streaming other than pitch and location. The data showed that streaming of this sequence can be altered by these properties, supporting the notion of a general parsing mechanism which follows general gestalt principles and allows streaming by many stimulus dimensions. Finally, suggestions are made as to how this mechanism might operate. 相似文献
906.
Chester A. Insko Robert Gilmore Debra Moehle Angela Lipsitz Sarah Drenan John W. Thibaut 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1982,18(6):557-580
The determinants of leadership seniority in laboratory groups were investigated in two experiments. In both experiments a procedure was used in which individual group members were periodically replaced throughout 7 generations. The individuals within the groups folded origami products and traded with other groups so as to earn quarters. In the first experiment the effect of social familiarity on seniority was investigated by comparing a set of standard groups with a set of rotational groups in which the group members moved from group to group between generations and thus always interacted with strangers. There was less seniority in the rotational groups. In the second experiment the effect of experience on seniority was investigated by comparing a set of standard groups with a set of experienced groups in which the new group members were recruited from the standard groups. There was less seniority in the experienced groups. It was found in both experiments, in agreement with previous research, that over generations the subjects earned increasing amounts of money and worked with increasing speed and efficiency. 相似文献
907.
908.
K. Casey Cole Deb VanTilburg Angela Burch-Vernon David C. Riccio 《Learning and motivation》1996,27(4):362-374
Three experiments were conducted to examine the role of novel contextual stimuli in producing the unconditioned stimulus (US) preexposure effect. Experiment 1 demonstrated that novel contextual stimuli produce a significantly stronger US preexposure effect than familiar or “latently inhibited” contextual stimuli. Moreover, subjects preexposed in the presence of latently inhibited contextual cues failed to show a significant US preexposure effect. Experiments 2 and 3 attempted to provide evidence that the addition of a single novel stimulus to the latently inhibited context would result in a significantly stronger US preexposure effect than when no such novel cue was present. Experiment 3 was able to demonstrate this effect. Results are consistent with the Rescorla–Wagner (1972) model of conditioning. 相似文献
909.
Two studies explored interpersonal factors influencing attributions of defensiveness. In Experiment 1, 22 pairs of undergraduate
participants interviewed one another regarding their “worst failure.” Participants’ self- and other-attributions of defensiveness
following the interview did not differ significantly, indicating the absence of a self-serving bias. In Experiment 2, 48 participants,
assigned to one of three conditions, were interviewed by the experimenter about their “worst failure.” Those who received
“extremely defensive” ratings from a fictitious psychologist produced significantly higher self-ratings of defensiveness (p<.0001) than did participants who simply completed self-ratings following the interview or who watched a videotape of the
interview prior to completing self-ratings of their interview behavior. A new model of psychological defense is presented,
which can account for these results. 相似文献
910.
Amina Memon Angela Holley Rebecca Milne Guenter Koehnken Ray Bull 《Applied cognitive psychology》1994,8(7):641-659
The effectiveness of the cognitive interview (CI) technique has been demonstrated in experimental studies of eyewitness memory conducted in the USA, Germany, and the UK. Much of the research, however, has used college students as interviewers rather than professionals who regularly interview witnesses (e.g. police officers). The aim of this research was to examine the effects of such CI training using experienced police officers with established interviewing styles. An armed robbery was staged and information was elicited in witness interviews. The CI did not significantly increase correct recall but tended to produce more suppositions and errors. A qualitative analysis of interviewer behaviour showed that many officers had difficulty in applying the new cognitive techniques and in avoiding the use of closed and leading questions. The paper addresses two issues: first, that of training experienced police officers who have received relatively little prior training in investigative interviewing, and second, the extent to which we can generalize from the laboratory data elicited in previous studies of CI. 相似文献