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961.
962.
963.
The Psychological Trauma and Psychological Resources Scale has been developed to identify adolescents and adults who have experienced traumatic events, i.e., physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and neglect. The scale also attempts to identify the presence of compensatory or resource factors such as social support that may serve to ameliorate the effects of traumatic events. 98 college participants who reported a history of abuse were compared with 464 nonabused students on the seven subscales. As predicted, the abused participants reported significantly more incidents of abuse and neglect than the nontraumatized group. In addition, the abused group reported receiving less emotional support, and they were less likely to use positive self-talk as a way to decrease emotional distress. These results provide empirical support for using the Psychological Trauma and Psychological Resources Scale to identify individuals with a history of abuse. Findings underscore the importance of assessing resource variables that may moderate the effects of abuse. 相似文献
964.
965.
Gary?G.?FordEmail author Jennifer?J.?Ewing Angela?M.?Ford Nikki?L.?Ferguson Wendy?Y.?Sherman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2004,23(2):147-160
College students(n = 162) completed measures of death anxiety and sexual risk-taking, with a thought listing procedure in-between. Those who completed
the death anxiety measure first (Death Salient condition) reportedgreater willingness to engage in high-risk sexual behavior than the Non-Death Salient group. This result was consistent with the
hypothesis that evoking death anxiety would produce denial-based defensive activity. Also, Death Salient participants reporting
more death thoughts were lower on risk-taking, as predicted. Interestingly, Death Salient participants reporting stressful
thoughts about issues unrelated to personal mortality (displacement) were also less willing to engage in high-risk sexual
behavior. The results are discussed in relation to a new, avowal-based model of the process of psychological defense. 相似文献
966.
Speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) methods have been used to contrast single- and dual-process accounts of recognition memory.
In these procedures, subjects are presented with individual test items and are required to make recognition decisions under
various time constraints. In this experiment, we presented word lists under incidental learning conditions, varying the modality
of presentation and level of processing. At test, we manipulated the interval between each visually presented test item and
a response signal, thus controlling the amount of time available to retrieve target information. Study— test modality match
had a beneficial effect on recognition accuracy at short response-signal delays (≤300msec). Conversely, recognition accuracy
benefited more from deep than from shallow processing at study only at relatively long response-signal delays (≥300 msec).
The results are congruent with views suggesting that both fast familiarity and slower recollection processes contribute to
recognition memory. 相似文献
967.
The understanding of the eating disorders (EDs) anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) has undergone remarkable advancements in the past decade. Most studies that have been done in AN show brain gray and white matter volume loss during the ill state that, at least in part, remit with recovery. Similar patterns occur for brain phospholipids assessed using magnet resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Imaging studies have been used to provide functional information regarding serotonin neuroreceptor dynamics, regional cerebral blood flow, or cerebral glucose metabolism. Such studies have implicated cingulate, frontal, temporal, and parietal regions in AN. Investigators have found that challenges such as food and body image distortions may activate some of these regions, raising the possibility that such studies may shed light on puzzling AN symptoms, such as body image distortions or extremes of appetitive behaviors. Emerging data suggest these disturbances persist after recovery from AN, suggesting the possibility that these are traits that may create a vulnerability to develop an ED. While fewer studies have been done in BN or binge eating disorder, there may be disturbances of serotonin metabolism in similar brain regions. Taken together, these findings give promise for future investigations with the hope of delineating brain pathways that contribute to the etiology of EDs 相似文献
968.
Carolyn?YoonEmail author Fred?Feinberg Ting?Luo Trey?Hedden Angela?Hall?Gutchess Hiu-Ying?Mary?Chen Joseph?A.?Mikels Shulan?Jiao Denise?C.?Park 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(4):639-649
The present study presents normative measures for 260 line drawings of everyday objects, found in Snodgrass and Vanderwart
(1980), viewed by individuals in China and the United States. Within each cultural group, name agreement, concept agreement,
and familiarity measures were obtained separately for younger adults and older adults. For a subset of 57 pictures (22%),
there was equivalence in both name agreement and concept agreement, and for an additional subset of 29 pictures (11%), there
was nonequivalent name agreement but equivalent concept agreement, across all culture-by-age groups. The data indicate substantial
differences across culture-by-age groups in name agreement percentages and number of distinct name responses provided. We
discovered significant differences between older and younger American adults in both name agreement percentages (67 pictures,
or 26%) and concept agreement percentages (44 pictures, or 17%). Written naming responses collected for the entire set of
Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures showed shifts in both naming and concept agreement percentages over the intervening decades:
Although correlations in name agreement were strong (r
= .71,p < .001) between our younger American samples and those of Snodgrass and Vanderwart, name agreement percentages have changed
for a substantial proportion (33%) of the 260 pictures; moreover, 63% of the stimuli for which Snodgrass and Vanderwart reported
concept agreement now appear to differ. We provide comprehensive comparison statistics and tests for both the present study
and prior ones, finding differences across numerous item-level measures. The corpus of data suggests that substantial differences
in all measures can be found across age as well as culture, so that unequivocal conclusions with respect to cross-cultural
or age-related differences in cognition can be made only when appropriate stimuli are selected for studies. Data for all 260
pictures, for each of the four groups, and all supporting materials and tests are freely archived athttp://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/Pict Norms. The full set of these norms may be downloaded fromwwwpsychonomic.org/archive/. 相似文献
969.
Connolly A 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2006,51(2):173-189
This paper discusses the experience of working as an analyst in post-totalitarian Russia in order to explore some of the general theoretical and clinical issues involved in working in a different cultural and linguistic context, and the particular problems encountered in the Russian cultural context. It describes how the Soviet regime worked actively to create a new totally collective mentality through the destruction of individual differences and the collectivization of private space, and the effects this produced in the individual and collective psyche. It examines the difficulties encountered when working with Russian analysands in creating and maintaining the setting, in preserving boundaries, in creating analytical space, and in working with certain particular transference-countertransference dynamics. It focuses on the contrast between my own Western experience of space and the spatial experience of the analysands, and describes the process of helping them use analytical space to interiorize and create a new experience of psychic space. The paper uses dreams to illustrate some of these dynamics, and the particular psychic problems associated with the traumas created by totalitarian regimes. 相似文献
970.
Reasoning about complex probabilistic concepts in childhood 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The competencies of children, particularly their understanding of the more complex probabilistic concepts, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present study participants were required to choose the more likely of two events, a single event, and a joint event (conjunctive or disjunctive). It was predicted that the operation of the representativeness heuristic would result in erroneous judgements when children compared an unlikely component event with a likely-unlikely conjunction (the conjunction fallacy) and when a likely component event was compared to a likely-unlikely disjunction. The results supported the first prediction with both older children aged between 9 and 10 years and younger children aged between 4 and 5 committing the conjunction fallacy. However, the second prediction was not confirmed. It is proposed that the basis of representativeness judgements may differ between the conjunctive and disjunctive cases with absolute frequency information possibly playing a differential role. 相似文献