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841.
The purpose of this article is to provide information, from the perspective of both teacher and students, about the use of the creative project as an assessment mode in tertiary theological education. The discussion demonstrates a number of advantages for adult learners. 相似文献
842.
843.
Empowerment theory,research, and application 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This introduction to the special issue briefly reviews the meaning and significance of the empowerment concept and problems
associated with the proliferation of interest in empowerment. We identify some of the topics not included in this issue and
relate those to the many broad and diverse areas of psychological empowerment theory and community-based research and intervention
that are covered. We present synopses of each article along with some of the themes and lessons cutting across the frameworks,
studies, and applications. These include a wide diversity of settings, fairly representative of empowerment interventions,
and, at the same time, improved clarity (if not unanimity) of definitions and measurement, which has been a problem in much
empowerment research and intervention. 相似文献
844.
Douglas S. Irvin Thomas J. Thompson William D. Turner Dorothy E. Williams 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1998,31(3):375-385
The effects of increased response effort on levels of hand mouthing, leisure engagement, and adaptive elbow flexion were investigated with 2 individuals who had been diagnosed with profound disabilities. Arm restraints designed to alter the amount of physical effort necessary to engage in hand mouthing were used. Results indicated that the treatment strategy reduced levels of hand mouthing but produced only small to moderate reductions in levels of leisure engagement and adaptive elbow flexion. At follow-up, the effects of increased response effort on hand mouthing and leisure engagement were maintained for both participants; however, the restraints were associated with substantial reductions in adaptive elbow flexion for 1 participant. 相似文献
845.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
846.
Douglas Lamdin 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,11(1-2):107-126
Most states in the U.S. have experienced litigation concerning the constitutionality of their school finance systems. I examine
the potential role of social science in affecting the outcomes of these cases. The text of the decisions of recent cases is
examined to see to what extent social science appears to influence the courts. While the potential use of social science is
large, its actual use is idiosyncratic. Where its use is apparent, however, it is difficult to confidently conclude that it
affected the court’s decision. Other factors could have been determinative and social science might have been used only to
buttress the court’s decision. 相似文献
847.
Disciplinary roots and branches of evaluation: Some lessons from agricultural research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas Horton 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,10(4):31-66
Since its origins in North America in the 1960s, the field of program evaluation has grown considerably, and its concerns
have broadened from accountability to program improvement, decision support, and institutional learning. Program evaluation
is now commonly practiced in governmental organizations not only in North America but also in many countries of Western Europe
and Oceania. Although program evaluation is a relatively new field with many controversies and lively debates, a unifying
body of evaluation theory, methods, and standards is gradually emerging. Evaluation has recently been described as a “transdiscipline,”
as are statistics and measurement.
This article is based largely on my personal experiences working in agricultural research organizations in developing regions.
Here, a number of different types of evaluation are carried out, but program evaluation as defined by Patton (1997) and as
practiced by social scientists to assess public programs is largely unknown. Distinct branches of agricultural research evaluation
can be identified, with disciplinary roots in the natural sciences and in agricultural economics. The most rigorous agricultural
research evaluations are economic studies. Systematic internal evaluation is notably lacking. Current pressures to improve
performance, transparency, and accountability are creating demands for more systematic evaluation, and many program evaluation
concepts and methods would seem to be of value in agricultural research organizations. However, in the current scenario of
declining funding for agricultural research, managers are yet to be convinced to expand their evaluation activities and explore
unfamiliar paradigms and methods. Moreover, they are not yet convinced that social-science-based program evaluation would
produce useful results. Natural scientists and economists tend to view program evaluation as “soft-science” or no science
at all.
Douglas Horton works at the International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) in The Netherlands. Since joining
ISNAR in early 1990, he has done research, training, and advisory work on agricultural research management, with an emphasis
on evaluation. Previously, for fifteen years, Horton was head of the social science department of the International Potato
Center (CIP) in Peru. With colleagues at CIP and in national agricultural research organizations, he documented patterns and
trends in world potato production and use, engaged in participatory technology development and assessed the impact of CIP
programs. Horton received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. in
economics from Cornell University. While at Cornell, Horton worked with W.F. Whyte, pioneer in the fields of participant observation
and participatory action research. 相似文献
848.
849.
Robbie J. Steward Han Ik Jo Darrick Murray William Fitzgerald Douglas Neil Frank Fear Martin Hill 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1998,26(2):70-82
In a study of African American (n = 208) urban high school students, grade point average (GPA) and specific strategies for coping with day-to-day stressors were found to be significantly related to psychological adjustment. Students who had higher GPAs tended to use family members as a means of solving problems, minimized problems by the use of humor, and used relaxation activities less often were found to have the most positive psychological adjustment, as measured by the index score of the Affects Balance Scale (ABS). Reported negative affect was not found to be significantly influenced by coping style, whereas positive affect was. 相似文献
850.
The Halstead-Reitan Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most widely used neuropsychological instruments for the assessment of brain damage. Despite its usefulness, however, the TMT has two major disadvantages. It has not been constructed in a principled manner that would facilitate systematic investigation, and there is no established procedure for generating equivalent, but stochastically different, test forms. The reason is that the generation of self-avoiding TMT pathways resembles the finding of near-optimal solutions to the Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and constitutes a computational problem that is NP-complete. This article describes a practical approach to the problem of generating stochastically different test forms. This approach employs anelastic net neural network to generate TMT forms based on self-avoiding, near-optimal paths, and closed circuits. The usefulness and limitations of this solution are discussed briefly in relation to alternative and complementary problems and procedures. 相似文献