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831.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
832.
The present paper is a first attempt to integrate the classical brain lesion behavioral impairment approach of functional neuroanatomy and the electrophysiological brain mapping approach in the domain of syntactic processing. In a group of normal age-matched controls we identified three electrophysiological components previously observed in correlation with language comprehension processes: an early left anterior negativity normally seen in correlation with syntactic first-pass parsing processes (ELAN), a centroparietal negativity seen in correlation with processes of lexical-semantic integration (N400), and a late centroparietal positivity observed in correlation with secondary syntactic processes of reanalysis and repair (P600). The early left anterior negativity was absent in a patient with an extended lesion in the anterior part of the left hemisphere sparing the temporal lobe, although the late centroparietal positivity and the centroparietal N400 were present. In a patient with a left temporal-parietal lesion the early left anterior negativity was found to be present, whereas the N400 component was absent. These findings suggest that first-pass parsing and secondary processes are subserved by distinct brain systems. 相似文献
833.
Douglas Lamdin 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,11(1-2):107-126
Most states in the U.S. have experienced litigation concerning the constitutionality of their school finance systems. I examine
the potential role of social science in affecting the outcomes of these cases. The text of the decisions of recent cases is
examined to see to what extent social science appears to influence the courts. While the potential use of social science is
large, its actual use is idiosyncratic. Where its use is apparent, however, it is difficult to confidently conclude that it
affected the court’s decision. Other factors could have been determinative and social science might have been used only to
buttress the court’s decision. 相似文献
834.
Disciplinary roots and branches of evaluation: Some lessons from agricultural research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Douglas Horton 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1998,10(4):31-66
Since its origins in North America in the 1960s, the field of program evaluation has grown considerably, and its concerns
have broadened from accountability to program improvement, decision support, and institutional learning. Program evaluation
is now commonly practiced in governmental organizations not only in North America but also in many countries of Western Europe
and Oceania. Although program evaluation is a relatively new field with many controversies and lively debates, a unifying
body of evaluation theory, methods, and standards is gradually emerging. Evaluation has recently been described as a “transdiscipline,”
as are statistics and measurement.
This article is based largely on my personal experiences working in agricultural research organizations in developing regions.
Here, a number of different types of evaluation are carried out, but program evaluation as defined by Patton (1997) and as
practiced by social scientists to assess public programs is largely unknown. Distinct branches of agricultural research evaluation
can be identified, with disciplinary roots in the natural sciences and in agricultural economics. The most rigorous agricultural
research evaluations are economic studies. Systematic internal evaluation is notably lacking. Current pressures to improve
performance, transparency, and accountability are creating demands for more systematic evaluation, and many program evaluation
concepts and methods would seem to be of value in agricultural research organizations. However, in the current scenario of
declining funding for agricultural research, managers are yet to be convinced to expand their evaluation activities and explore
unfamiliar paradigms and methods. Moreover, they are not yet convinced that social-science-based program evaluation would
produce useful results. Natural scientists and economists tend to view program evaluation as “soft-science” or no science
at all.
Douglas Horton works at the International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) in The Netherlands. Since joining
ISNAR in early 1990, he has done research, training, and advisory work on agricultural research management, with an emphasis
on evaluation. Previously, for fifteen years, Horton was head of the social science department of the International Potato
Center (CIP) in Peru. With colleagues at CIP and in national agricultural research organizations, he documented patterns and
trends in world potato production and use, engaged in participatory technology development and assessed the impact of CIP
programs. Horton received B.S. and M.S. degrees in agricultural economics from the University of Illinois, and a Ph.D. in
economics from Cornell University. While at Cornell, Horton worked with W.F. Whyte, pioneer in the fields of participant observation
and participatory action research. 相似文献
835.
836.
Douglas Hooper 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1998,26(1):119-125
The growth of counselling and psychotherapy presents trainers in Europe with significant opportunities. But these need to take account of human development over the millenia, harnessing ancient psychology to the resolution of contemporary problems. In particular, there is a need for contextual counselling, beating practice in culture. Extrapolating from UK data, a minimum practitioner requirement for Europe could be 50,000-75,000 counsellors. With only minimal training programmes in many European countries, meeting the seven core criteria of training seems impossible. One possible solution is to cluster people with limited training around a high-standard professional counsellor—a system used in the UK for situation-specific counselling. A number of European states are now seeking to develop a counselling capability. Training for this should break new ground by learning from older systems but also being unafraid to adopt novel solutions. 相似文献
837.
Robbie J. Steward Han Ik Jo Darrick Murray William Fitzgerald Douglas Neil Frank Fear Martin Hill 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1998,26(2):70-82
In a study of African American (n = 208) urban high school students, grade point average (GPA) and specific strategies for coping with day-to-day stressors were found to be significantly related to psychological adjustment. Students who had higher GPAs tended to use family members as a means of solving problems, minimized problems by the use of humor, and used relaxation activities less often were found to have the most positive psychological adjustment, as measured by the index score of the Affects Balance Scale (ABS). Reported negative affect was not found to be significantly influenced by coping style, whereas positive affect was. 相似文献
838.
Angela Hetherington 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1998,11(4):361-364
Sexual exploitation within therapy is founded upon inappropriate physical contact. Yet the use of touch in therapy remains a contentious issue. Some therapists purport that touch is a primary source of communication of which many clients, as children, were deprived. They argue that refraining from the appropriate use of touch in the counselling situation can be damaging to the client. This article considers the argument for the use of physical contact in therapy and counselling and its potential therapeutic value. 相似文献
839.
The Halstead-Reitan Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most widely used neuropsychological instruments for the assessment of brain damage. Despite its usefulness, however, the TMT has two major disadvantages. It has not been constructed in a principled manner that would facilitate systematic investigation, and there is no established procedure for generating equivalent, but stochastically different, test forms. The reason is that the generation of self-avoiding TMT pathways resembles the finding of near-optimal solutions to the Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and constitutes a computational problem that is NP-complete. This article describes a practical approach to the problem of generating stochastically different test forms. This approach employs anelastic net neural network to generate TMT forms based on self-avoiding, near-optimal paths, and closed circuits. The usefulness and limitations of this solution are discussed briefly in relation to alternative and complementary problems and procedures. 相似文献
840.
Juli A. Szaniszlo Greg K. Essick Douglas G. Kelly Aaron K. Joseph Kathy R. Bredehoeft 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(5):785-804
The percepts evoked by sequential stimulation of sites in close spatial proximity (<2.5 cm) on the face were studied. Both method-of-limits and magnitude-estimation procedures were used to identify and characterize alterations in the percepts produced by systematic changes in the temporal and spatial parameters of the sequence. Each site was stimulated by a vertically oriented row of miniature vibrating probes. Apparent motion was consistently perceived when the delay between the onsets of sequentially activated rows (interstimulus onset interval, or ISOI) fell within a relatively narrow range of values, the lower limit of which approximated 5 msec. Both the upper limit and the perceived smoothness and continuity of the motion percepts (goodness of motion) increased with the duration for which each row stimulated the skin over the range evaluated, 15–185 msec. For the successive activation of only two rows, goodness of motion was not influenced by changes in their separation from 0.4 to 2.5 cm. The ISOI values at which magnitude estimates of goodness of motion were highest increased with the duration for which each row stimulated the skin. As such, maximum goodness of motion decreased with increases in the apparent velocity of motion. When the number of sequentially activated rows was increased from two to four or more, the quality of the motion percepts improved. For the successive activation of multiple closely spaced rows, values of ISOI at which numerical estimates of goodness of motion were highest approximated integral fractions of the duration for which each row stimulated the skin. In this situation, the probes rose and fell in a regular, step-locked rhythm to simulate an edge-like or rectangular object moving across the skin. The goodness of motion so attained was relatively independent of the apparent velocity of motion. 相似文献