总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Beadle JN  Yoon C  Gutchess AH 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):269-279

While previous aging studies have focused on particular components of social perception (e.g., theory of mind, self-referencing), little is known about age-related differences specifically for the neural basis of perception of affiliation and isolation. This study investigates age-related similarities and differences in the neural basis of affiliation and isolation. Participants viewed images of affiliation (groups engaged in social interaction) and isolation (lone individuals), as well as nonsocial stimuli (e.g., landscapes), while making pleasantness judgments and undergoing functional neuroimaging (BOLD fMRI). Results indicated age-related similarities in response to affiliation and isolation in recruitment of regions involved in theory of mind and self-referencing (e.g., temporal pole, medial prefrontal cortex). Yet age-related differences also emerged in response to affiliation and isolation in regions implicated in the theory of mind, as well as self-referencing. Specifically, in response to isolation versus affiliation images, older adults showed greater recruitment than did younger adults of the temporal pole, a region that is important for retrieval of personally relevant memories utilized to understand others' mental states. Furthermore, in response to images of affiliation versus isolation, older adults showed greater recruitment than did younger adults of the precuneus, a region implicated in self-referencing. We suggest that age-related divergence in neural activation patterns underlying judgments of scenes depicting isolation versus affiliation may indicate that older adults' theory of mind processes are driven by retrieval of isolation-relevant information. Moreover, older adults' greater recruitment of the precuneus for affiliation versus isolation suggests that the positivity bias for emotional information may extend to social information involving affiliation.  相似文献   

    

Angela Heine  Verena Thaler  Sascha Tamm  Stefan Hawelka  Michael Schneider  Joke Torbeyns  Bert De Smedt  Lieven Verschaffel  Elsbeth Stern  Arthur M. Jacobs 《Infant and child development》2010,19(2):175-186

To date, a number of studies have demonstrated the existence of mismatches between children's implicit and explicit knowledge at certain points in development that become manifest by their gestures and gaze orientation in different problem solving contexts. Stimulated by this research, we used eye movement measurement to investigate the development of basic knowledge about numerical magnitude in primary school children. Sixty‐six children from grades one to three (i.e. 6–9 years) were presented with two parallel versions of a number line estimation task of which one was restricted to behavioural measures, whereas the other included the recording of eye movement data. The results of the eye movement experiment indicate a quantitative increase as well as a qualitative change in children's implicit knowledge about numerical magnitudes in this age group that precedes the overt, that is, behavioural, demonstration of explicit numerical knowledge. The finding that children's eye movements reveal substantially more about the presence of implicit precursors of later explicit knowledge in the numerical domain than classical approaches suggests further exploration of eye movement measurement as a potential early assessment tool of individual achievement levels in numerical processing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

    

Bekker MJ  Cumming TD  Osborne NK  Bruining AM  McClean JI  Leland LS 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):327-331

This experiment investigated the combined use of visual prompts, daily feedback, and rewards to reduce electricity consumption in a university residential hall. After a 17-day baseline period, the experimental intervention was introduced in the intervention hall, and no change was made in the control hall. Energy usage decreased in the intervention hall, but energy usage did not change appreciably in the control hall. In the intervention hall, mean daytime and nighttime savings were 16.2% and 10.7%, respectively, compared to savings of 3.8% (day) and 6.5% (night) in the control hall.  相似文献   

    

Lerman DC  Tetreault A  Hovanetz A  Bellaci E  Miller J  Karp H  Mahmood A  Strobel M  Mullen S  Keyl A  Toupard A 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2010,43(2):195-213

We evaluated the feasibility and utility of a laboratory model for examining observer accuracy within the framework of signal-detection theory (SDT). Sixty-one individuals collected data on aggression while viewing videotaped segments of simulated teacher-child interactions. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine if brief feedback and contingencies for scoring accurately would bias responding reliably. Experiment 2 focused on one variable (specificity of the operational definition) that we hypothesized might decrease the likelihood of bias. The effects of social consequences and information about expected behavior change were examined in Experiment 3. Results indicated that feedback and contingencies reliably biased responding and that the clarity of the definition only moderately affected this outcome.  相似文献   

    

Antonino Raffone  Angela Tagini  Narayanan Srinivasan 《Zygon》2010,45(3):627-646

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Padilla JB  Miller MK  Broadus AD 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2008,26(5):655-670

Hispanics are now the largest minority group in the United States, yet research examining the impact this will have on the American legal system is limited. The first purpose of this article was to synthesize the studies that have been conducted, which have found that Hispanics have a perspective toward the police, the courts and the law, and jury decision making that is unique from those of Caucasians and other ethnic groups. The second purpose of this article was to analyze whether psychology and law research has been conducted in a manner conducive to identifying this unique Hispanic perspective. An analysis of 800 articles published in five psychology and law journals revealed that, while Hispanics were typically conceptualized properly, the proportion of articles devoted to the Hispanic perspective is disturbingly low. To increase understanding of the Hispanic perspective, psychology and law researchers must increase the amount of empirical attention given to Hispanics.  相似文献   

    

Ersilia Menesini  Virginia Sanchez  Ada Fonzi  Rosario Ortega  Angela Costabile  Giorgio Lo Feudo 《Aggressive behavior》2003,29(6):515-530

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Angela D. Friederici  Isabell Wartenburger 《Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science》2010,1(2):150-159

The human faculty of language has been the focus of researchers from different disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, neurology, biology, anthropology, and more recently genetics. However, the mystery of how the human brain acquires and represents language to ensure its fast and effortless use has still not been entirely solved, although our knowledge base has enlarged dramatically over the past decades. Based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, we are today able to define separate frontotemporal neural networks for the processing of syntactic and semantic information in the left hemisphere and for prosodic processes in the right. Data from electro‐ and magnetencephalographic (EEG/MEG) studies allow us to describe the interaction of these processes in time. Patients with lesions in language‐relevant brain structures provide crucial information for the validation of neurocognitive models. These models of adult language systems are used as a template against which the neural basis of first language acquisition and second language processing are investigated. The adult language system is characterized by fast processes supported by Broca's area in the prefrontal cortex and Wernicke's area in the temporal cortex. During language learning in adulthood, these processing routines slowly develop initially recruiting brain regions beyond those of the neural language network involved in adult native language processing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is categorized under:

• Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

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Ninness C  Rumph R  McCuller G  Harrison C  Ford AM  Ninness SK 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(1):1-22

Following a pretest, 11 participants who were naive with regard to various algebraic and trigonometric transformations received an introductory lecture regarding the fundamentals of the rectangular coordinate system. Following the lecture, they took part in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure in which they received training on particular formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations as these formulas pertain to reflections and vertical and horizontal shifts. In training A-B, standard formulas served as samples and factored formulas served as comparisons. In training B-C, factored formulas served as samples and graphs served as comparisons. Subsequently, the program assessed for mutually entailed B-A and C-B relations as well as combinatorially entailed C-A and A-C relations. After all participants demonstrated mutual entailment and combinatorial entailment, we employed a test of novel relations to assess 40 different and complex variations of the original training formulas and their respective graphs. Six of 10 participants who completed training demonstrated perfect or near-perfect performance in identifying novel formula-to-graph relations. Three of the 4 participants who made more than three incorrect responses during the assessment of novel relations showed some commonality among their error patterns. Derived transfer of stimulus control using mathematical relations is discussed.  相似文献   

    

María Jos Rodrigo  Angela Gonzlez  Manuel Ato  Guacimara Rodríguez  Manuel de Vega  Mercedes Muetn 《Infant and child development》2006,15(1):1-17

This study looks at whether there is a relationship between mother and infant gesture production. Specifically, it addresses the extent of articulation in the maternal gesture repertoire and how closely it supports the infant production of gestures. Eight Spanish mothers and their 1‐ and 2‐year‐old babies were studied during 1 year of observations. Maternal and child verbal production, gestures and actions were recorded at their homes on five occasions while performing daily routines. Results indicated that mother and child deictic gestures (pointing and instrumental) and representational gestures (symbolic and social) were very similar at each age group and did not decline across groups. Overall, deictic gestures were more frequent than representational gestures. Maternal adaptation to developmental changes is specific for gesturing but not for acting. Maternal and child speech were related positively to mother and child pointing and representational gestures, and negatively to mother and child instrumental gestures. Mother and child instrumental gestures were positively related to action production, after maternal and child speech was partialled out. Thus, language plays an important role for dyadic communicative activities (gesture–gesture relations) but not for dyadic motor activities (gesture–action relations). Finally, a comparison of the growth curves across sessions showed a closer correspondence for mother–child deictic gestures than for representational gestures. Overall, the results point to the existence of an articulated maternal gesture input that closely supports the child gesture production. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献