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41.
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We investigated whether a fearful expression enhances the effect of another's gaze in directing the attention of an observer. Participants viewed photographs of faces whose gaze was directed ahead, to the left or to the right. Target letters then appeared unpredictably to the left or right. As expected, targets in the location indicated by gaze were detected more rapidly. In nonanxious volunteers the effects of fearful gaze did not differ from neutral gaze, but fearful expression had a more powerful influence in a selected high anxious group. Attention is thus more likely to be guided by the direction of fearful than neutral gaze, but only in anxiety-prone individuals. 相似文献
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Mounting evidence suggests that the human impact on the planet is reaching the point where the Earth's ecosystems will not be able to support the level of human occupation. The global economy also seems to be generating income disparities that threaten the social stability of even the most developed economies. Although both these trends are rooted in the operation of the global market economy, standard economics has surprisingly little to offer in the way of policies that might allow us to survive the twenty-first century with our current social and environmental systems intact. This article examines our current predicament from the point of view of neoclassical welfare economics and the alternative framework of ecological economics. We argue that ecological economics, by placing the study of economics squarely within human society and ecosystems, can lead the way to make economics both scientifically credible and policy relevant. 相似文献
45.
Baeyenset al.(1998) claim that Field and Davey's (1997) controversial study of conceptual conditioning offers little threat to current conceptions of evaluative conditioning. This article addresses some of the questions posed by Baeyenset al.First, some criticisms of the conceptual conditioning study appear to be based on a misunderstanding of the procedure. Second, we address the issues surrounding the so-called Type-X procedure. Specifically, we begin by reviewing the status of studies that have used a procedure different from the Type-X procedure. It is then argued that, although the Type-X procedure has been used in only a portion of EC research, it has been used primarily in those studies whose outcome has been used to argue that evaluative conditioning (EC) is functionally distinct from autonomic conditioning. We then review the evidence from non-Type-X procedures that EC is a distinct form of learning. Finally, an attempt is made to explain why between-subject controls should be used as a matter of course in this field of research. 相似文献
46.
Andy O. J. Giurintano L. Giukintano S. McDonald T. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1975,10(2):85-101
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science - This experiment extends Pavlov’s method of contrasts for 8 components of aggression were quantitatively evaluated in 11 freely moving adult... 相似文献
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An evaluation of the summer treatment program for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a treatment withdrawal design 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
49.
Goto K Lea SE Wills AJ Milton F 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2011,125(1):48-60
The effects of picture manipulations on humans' and pigeons' performance were examined in a go/no-go discrimination of two perceptually similar categories, cat and dog faces. Four types of manipulation were used to modify the images. Mosaicization and scrambling were used to produce degraded versions of the training stimuli, while morphing and cell exchange were used to manipulate the relative contribution of positive and negative training stimuli to test stimuli. Mosaicization mainly removes information at high spatial frequencies, whereas scrambling removes information at low spatial frequencies to a greater degree. Morphing leads to complex transformations of the stimuli that are not concentrated at any particular spatial frequency band. Cell exchange preserves high spatial frequency details, but sometimes moves them into the "wrong" stimulus. The four manipulations also introduce high-frequency noise to differing degrees. Responses to test stimuli indicated that high and low spatial frequency information were both sufficient but not necessary to maintain discrimination performance in both species, but there were also species differences in relative sensitivity to higher and lower spatial frequency information. 相似文献
50.
Clinical and experimental theories assume that processing biases in attention and interpretation are a causal mechanism through
which anxiety develops. Despite growing evidence that these processing biases are present in children and, therefore, develop
long before adulthood, these theories ignore the potential role of child development. This review attempts to place information
processing biases within a theoretical developmental framework. We consider whether child development has no impact on information
processing biases to threat (integral bias model), or whether child development influences information processing biases and
if so whether it does so by moderating the expression of an existing bias (moderation model) or by affecting the acquisition
of a bias (acquisition model). We examine the extent to which these models fit with existing theory and research evidence
and outline some methodological issues that need to be considered when drawing conclusions about the potential role of child
development in the information processing of threat stimuli. Finally, we speculate about the developmental processes that
might be important to consider in future research. 相似文献