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121.
O. J. Andy D. F. Peeler J. Mitchell D. P. Foshee K. Koshino 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1968,3(4):217-233
The effects of limbic system after-discharges and ablation upon learning were investigated in 113 adult cats. Learning tasks consisted of active and passive avoidance and pattern and size discrimination. Limbic system after-discharges interfered with performance in learned-avoidance and size-discrimination paradigms. Discharges implicating the ventral hippocampus were the most effective in producing performance decrements; dorsal hippocampal discharges were least effective. The greater the involvement of brain-stem structures by propagated activity, the greater the decrement. There was no motor impairment. Size-discrimination response is impaired to a greater degree than shockavoidance response during limbic discharges. The degree of impairment is in part a function of the type of sensory stimulus and response contingency used. Hippocampal ablation resulted in impairment (response latency changes) in both active and passive avoidance tasks. Acquisition was not impaired. Hippocampal ablation facilitated the development of a stronger position habit in the pattern-discrimination task. Learning deficits which occurred were attributed to impairment of retrieval and comparator mechanisms of neural function. Results support the argument that defective retrieval and/or comparator mechanisms may account for the impaired learning of a diversity of tasks, from simple to complex. 相似文献
122.
Subhash C. Bhatnagar Ph.D. Orlando J. Andy M.D. Sue Linville Ph.D. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1989,24(2):50-53
Cortical stimulation—evoked perception of tones differing in pitch suggests that the perception of pitch may be discretely
organized in the human auditory parakoniocortex. Findings, obtained from a neurosurgical patient undergoing temporal lobectomy,
are discussed with reference to anatomical and functional considerations of the auditory parakoniocortex in humans. These
tonotypic findings are potentially significant since, as previously reported (see references in Discussion section), auditory
sensations have not been analyzed in relation to perceptual categories of pitch.
Address correspondence to: Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. 相似文献
123.
Categorization is one of the fundamental building blocks of cognition, and the study of categorization is notable for the extent to which formal modeling has been a central and influential component of research. However, the field has seen a proliferation of noncomplementary models with little consensus on the relative adequacy of these accounts. Progress in assessing the relative adequacy of formal categorization models has, to date, been limited because (a) formal model comparisons are narrow in the number of models and phenomena considered and (b) models do not often clearly define their explanatory scope. Progress is further hampered by the practice of fitting models with arbitrarily variable parameters to each data set independently. Reviewing examples of good practice in the literature, we conclude that model comparisons are most fruitful when relative adequacy is assessed by comparing well-defined models on the basis of the number and proportion of irreversible, ordinal, penetrable successes (principles of minimal flexibility, breadth, good-enough precision, maximal simplicity, and psychological focus). 相似文献
124.
Prior research has examined killing behavior using a paradigm in which participants believe (falsely) that they are killing bugs. This work suggests that killing behavior escalates. In the present study, we sought to replicate the basic escalation effect within‐subjects. Further, in doing so, we controlled for experimenter “sanctioning” of killing that may have differed with key between‐subjects manipulations in the prior research. To control for this possible confound, the present experiment held experimenter instructions constant and examined whether killing naturally escalated within‐subjects across two 12‐sec bug‐killing tasks. Additionally, to verify that escalation is due to killing per se and not just physical practice of the procedure, we manipulated whether the procedure was described as real killing or simulated killing. Results showed that when participants thought they were killing bugs, the number of bugs put into the grinder increased from the first to the second killing task. No such escalation occurred when participants performed the procedure while knowing the killing was simulated. Thus, killing of bugs escalates and is not simply a consequence of perceived sanctioning of killing by an experimenter or simulated practice of the procedure. 相似文献
125.
This study investigated the occurrence of depressive symptoms prior to age 36 months as retrospectively reported by parents of preschoolers with clinical depression. The study provides some of the first empirical data on the manifestations of depressive symptoms during the toddler period, advancing existing theoretical and case‐report literature. A sample of 301 (depressed, disruptive, and healthy) children between the ages of 3.0 and 6.0 years were screened and oversampled for depressive symptoms from community sites. Primary caregivers (parents) were interviewed about their child's symptoms of depression (as well as other symptoms of mental disorders and developmental parameters), and age of first onset of depressive symptoms was ascertained. Findings suggest that clinical‐level symptoms of depression may arise as early as age 24 months. The domain of negative self‐concept during the toddler period evidenced by self‐deprecation and difficulty making choices emerged as the two strongest variables predictive of preschool depression. Our results suggest that prospective empirical studies of depressive symptoms in children younger than 3 years of age should now be undertaken. 相似文献
126.
Two studies examined the relationship between women's insecurity-arousing comparisons with female models and shoe/handbag ownership. Idealized media images appear capable of threatening some women's sense of attractiveness and it may be that as a result, accessorizing becomes particularly appealing because it helps increase physical attractiveness without drawing attention to one's figure, the object of the threatening comparisons. In Study 1 (N=922), a correlational study, the more women reported that they feel insecure when they see attractive female models, the more shoes they tended to own. In Study 2 (N=286), we manipulated whether women saw images of attractive female models or not. The more women exhibited insecurity following exposure to the images of attractive models, the more shoes and handbags they tended to own. In both studies, these effects did not hold for ownership of trousers, an item of clothing that draws attention toward one's body. 相似文献
127.
Wittgenstein had little to say directly on philosophy of history. But some pertinent remarks in On Certainty have received little attention, apart from in Elizabeth Anscombe's short article on Hume and Julius Caesar. That article acknowledges its debt to On Certainty, which responses to Anscombe have failed to recognise. Wittgenstein focuses in On Certainty on apparently empirical propositions that seem to be certainties, but in fact form a rule-like framework for judging. I have called these Moorean propositions, and the present article develops the suggestion that history as a discipline rests on them. The result is a qualification of empiricism in philosophy of history.
相似文献128.
Sawrikar Vilas Macbeth Angus Gillespie-Smith Karri Brown Megan Lopez-Williams Andy Boulton Kelsie Guestella Adam Hickie Ian 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2022,25(3):613-626
Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review - Clinical staging is now recognized as a key tool for facilitating innovation in personalized and preventative mental health care. It places a strong... 相似文献
129.
130.
Charlie Jackson Joanne Pybis Mick Cooper Andy Hill Karen Cromarty Jack Rogers 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2014,14(4):315-325
Background: The increasing prevalence of mental health issues in young people has contributed to a rise in the provision of school‐based counselling services in the UK. Between 2008/09 and 2010/11, data were collected from users of secondary school‐based counselling services in Wales. Aims: To identify the characteristics of users of school‐based counselling services in Wales – including demographics, referral pathways, presenting issues, and predominant issues – and how they compare to users of specialist CAMHS in Wales and Welsh secondary school pupils in general. Method: Data were collected on 10,687 episodes of counselling. School counsellors completed a client record sheet after each counselling episode and submitted these to their Local Authority. Collated results were then compared to matched data from Welsh specialist CAMHS and Welsh secondary schools data. Results/findings: A typical user of a secondary school‐based counselling service in Wales was female, of white ethnicity, and from the ‘middle’ school years. There was a marked under‐representation of users from BME backgrounds. Users were most often referred by school staff, and the most common presenting issues were family‐related, anger, and behaviour‐related. Conclusions: There was a higher proportion of females accessing school‐based counselling services than males. This was in direct contrast to data from specialist CAMHS and possible explanations for this are discussed. The under‐representation of BME populations suggested that there were some equality issues associated with accessing these services. Implications for practice: Future research should explore equality issues associated with young people from BME backgrounds accessing intervention services. 相似文献