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101.
John V. Stokes Michael J. Cameron Michael F. Dorsey Elizabeth Fleming 《Behavioral Interventions》2004,19(2):121-135
The effect of a 10‐step task analysis, general case instruction, and correspondence training was evaluated for teaching appropriate personal hygiene following bowel movements. Correspondence training maintained a central role in this study. According to Israel (1978), the relationship between an individual's verbal and nonverbal behaviors is influential in self‐instruction training. Essentially, correspondence training encourages an individual to generate his or her own instructional cues; in consequence, the procedure can be instrumental in ensuring the maintenance and generalization of important verbal and nonverbal behavior. Three adults with developmental disabilities participated in this study. The dependent variables included the level of assistance required on each step of the task analysis and an end of sequence rating on a three‐point Likert‐type cleanliness scale. Results showed that all three participants learned to care for themselves appropriately following bowel movements. Moreover, the skills generalized to other settings and were maintained over a nine‐month period. The target skill was evaluated against the five criteria for a behavioral cusp and met the criteria for ‘an important behavior change’ (Bosch & Fuqua, 2001, p. 123). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
We created a novel eye movement version of the n-back task to measure spatial working memory (WM). Rather than one continuous trial, discrete trials were presented in order
to develop a simpler WM task. In Experiment 1, we varied the visibility of the final stimulus to maximize the difference in performance between 0-back and 1-back tasks
(WM effect). In Experiment 2, we administered the optimized task to children. In Experiment 3, we further simplified the task. Both adults and children easily completed our task, displaying significant WM effects. Further,
similar WM effects were obtained in our original and simplified n-back spatial WM tasks, demonstrating flexibility. Because WM deficits are often an early feature of disease and a marker
of disease progression, our saccadic measure of spatial WM may be particularly useful in hard-to-test populations, such as
patients and children, and may have application in brain-imaging studies that require discrete trials. 相似文献
103.
Goto K Lea SE Wills AJ Milton F 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2011,125(1):48-60
The effects of picture manipulations on humans' and pigeons' performance were examined in a go/no-go discrimination of two perceptually similar categories, cat and dog faces. Four types of manipulation were used to modify the images. Mosaicization and scrambling were used to produce degraded versions of the training stimuli, while morphing and cell exchange were used to manipulate the relative contribution of positive and negative training stimuli to test stimuli. Mosaicization mainly removes information at high spatial frequencies, whereas scrambling removes information at low spatial frequencies to a greater degree. Morphing leads to complex transformations of the stimuli that are not concentrated at any particular spatial frequency band. Cell exchange preserves high spatial frequency details, but sometimes moves them into the "wrong" stimulus. The four manipulations also introduce high-frequency noise to differing degrees. Responses to test stimuli indicated that high and low spatial frequency information were both sufficient but not necessary to maintain discrimination performance in both species, but there were also species differences in relative sensitivity to higher and lower spatial frequency information. 相似文献
104.
The Habitat Program at Wood’s Homes, Calgary, Alberta, is an eight bed residential treatment program for conduct-disordered
youth who have been exposed or subjected to high levels of violence in their family home. The program was based on the assumption
that working effectively with such youth requires consideration of the background experiences of family violence, yet traditional
treatment models often ignore or minimize the importance of these experiences. We present a clinical model which incorporates
aspects of milieu treatment, relationship-based daily interventions and elements of Jenkins’ invitational approach to working
with men and boys who use violence as well as Wade’s response-based approach to counseling with victims and perpetrators of
violence. The model also incorporates ideas based on Maruna’s research into recidivism and excuse-making. The purpose of the
model is twofold: to be broad enough to structure an overall treatment strategy based on the assumption that successful treatment
results from the cumulative effect of many interactions over time, and to be specific enough to guide staff in developing
strategies for specific situations that typically arise in daily interaction with the youth. We use a case example format
to illustrate how staff has utilized the model to engage youth in exploring both their experiences of violence in the family
home and in developing new ways of thinking and talking about behavioural choices. 相似文献
105.
Clinical and experimental theories assume that processing biases in attention and interpretation are a causal mechanism through
which anxiety develops. Despite growing evidence that these processing biases are present in children and, therefore, develop
long before adulthood, these theories ignore the potential role of child development. This review attempts to place information
processing biases within a theoretical developmental framework. We consider whether child development has no impact on information
processing biases to threat (integral bias model), or whether child development influences information processing biases and
if so whether it does so by moderating the expression of an existing bias (moderation model) or by affecting the acquisition
of a bias (acquisition model). We examine the extent to which these models fit with existing theory and research evidence
and outline some methodological issues that need to be considered when drawing conclusions about the potential role of child
development in the information processing of threat stimuli. Finally, we speculate about the developmental processes that
might be important to consider in future research. 相似文献
106.
Studies of cognitive control show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are
involved in the detection and resolution of cognitive conflict. However, the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying emotional
interference effects are less consistent. We used fMRI during emotional and nonemotional versions of a facial Stroop task
to investigate the effects of emotional stimuli on cognitive control. In the full group there was limited evidence that different
prefrontal circuits manage conflict arising from emotional and nonemotional distractors. However, individual differences in
trait anxiety affected both behavioral performance and neural activity during the emotional task. Relative to low-anxiety
(LA) subjects, high-anxiety (HA) subjects showed greater amygdala activity to task-relevant emotional information and impaired
performance and greater conflict-related activity in the dACC when emotional content was task-irrelevant. Only LA subjects
activated rostral ACC during the emotional task. This is consistent with cognitive models of individual differences that hypothesize
deficient control of task-irrelevant emotional information in HA subjects. Additional behavioral and fMRI results from this
study may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
107.
Individuals engage in status self-enhancement when they form an overly positive perception of their status in a group. We argue that status self-enhancement incurs social costs and, therefore, most individuals perceive their status accurately. In contrast, theories of positive illusions suggest status self-enhancement is beneficial for the individual and that most individuals overestimate their status. We found supportive evidence for our hypotheses in a social relations analysis of laboratory groups, an experiment that manipulated status self-enhancement, and a study of real-world groups. Individuals who engaged in status self-enhancement were liked less by others and paid less for their work. Moreover, individuals tended to perceive their status highly accurately. Mediation analyses showed that status self-enhancers were socially punished because they were seen as disruptive to group processes. 相似文献
108.
Ross Paul Cameron 《Synthese》2008,161(1):27-45
In this paper I examine the objection to truthmaker theory, forcibly made by David Lewis and endorsed by many, that it violates
the Humean denial of necessary connections between distinct existences. In Sect. 1 I present the argument that acceptance
of truthmakers commits us to necessary connections. In Sect. 2 I examine Lewis’ ‘Things-qua-truthmakers’ theory which attempts
to give truthmakers without such a commitment, and find it wanting. In Sects. 3–5 I discuss various formulations of the denial
of necessary connections and argue that each of them is either false or compatible with truthmaker theory. In Sect. 6 I show
how the truthmaker theorist can resist the charge that they are committed to necessary exclusions between possible existents.
I conclude that there is no good objection to truthmaker theory on the grounds that it violates the Humean dictum. 相似文献
109.
How can individuals attain influence in organizations? Prior research has identified structural determinants of influence, such as formal authority and position in a social network. However, indirect evidence suggests that influence might also stem from personal characteristics. The authors tested whether influence can stem from the fit between the person and his or her organization (P-O fit). Consistent with expectations, extraverts attained more influence in a team-oriented organization, whereas conscientious individuals attained more influence in an organization in which individuals worked alone on technical tasks. Further, these effects held up after controlling for formal authority, job performance, and demographic characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The multiple ways in which individuals can gain influence are discussed. 相似文献
110.
Functional theories of reputation imply that individuals' reputations are tied to their history of behavior. However, indirect evidence suggests that the relation between reputation and behavior might be tenuous at best. In 3 studies, the authors tracked the development of reputations among individuals who engaged in multiple negotiation tasks across several weeks. The authors found that on average, individuals' reputations were only mildly related to their history of behavior. However, the link between reputation and behavior was stronger for some individuals than others--specifically, for individuals who were more well-known and received more social attention in the community. In contrast, for less well-known individuals, their behavior had little impact on their reputation. The findings have implications for psychologists' understanding of reputations, person perceptions in larger groups, and the costs and benefits of social visibility. 相似文献