O niektórych nowych wynikach meta-matematycznych dotyczących teorii mnogości

Artykuł jest nieco zmienionym i rozszerzonym tekstem odczytu, wygłoszonego przez autora na sympozjum filozofii naukowej w Londynie w lipcu 1965. Angielski tekst odczytu ukaże się w sprawozdaniach z tego sympozjum. Allatum est die 23 Februarii 1966     

Free Logics are Cut-Free

Studia Logica - The paper presents a uniform proof-theoretic treatment of several kinds of free logic, including the logics of existence and definedness applied in constructive mathematics and...     

Matching Patient and Therapist Anaclitic–Introjective Personality Configurations Matters for Psychotherapy Outcomes

Decades of psychotherapy research suggest that patient–therapist match accounts for outcome beyond single patient or therapist variables. This study examines the associations between different patterns of patient–therapist matching (in terms of orientation on relatedness or self-definition) and outcomes at termination of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Thirty-three patients and their therapists were classified as predominately anaclitic or introjective at baseline. Patients in the convergent patient–therapist dyads (both anaclitic or both introjective) showed significantly greater symptom reduction and increased developmental levels of representations of mother than patients in the complementary dyads (opposite personality configurations). Moreover, convergent patient–therapist match was connected with larger effect sizes on all outcome measures and lower proportion of non-improved patients. These findings suggest the importance of the therapists’ early adjusting their orientation on relatedness or self-definition to their patients’ predominant personality configuration in order to enhance treatment outcomes.     

Selective stereotype activation: The joint impact of interpersonal goals and task context

In complex social interactions, such as co‐operation or competition with another person on an ability test, people tend to activate stereotypes strategically in order to achieve their self‐enhancement goals. If multiple ways of categorizing the target person are available, the selected stereotypical traits that serve their motives might also depend on the specific task context in which the interaction is situated. We assumed that people selectively process trait information in order to increase their perceived chances to win in a currently performed task. We tested this hypothesis in a study in which participants were told to perform an analytical or emotional skills task having as a co‐operator or rival, a multiple categorizable target person (female computer science student). In the analytical task context, we found stronger inhibition of stereotypically female traits in the co‐operation than in the competition condition. In the emotional skills task context, we found stronger inhibition of computer scientist traits in the co‐operation than competition condition. The interactive nature of goals and context influences on stereotype activation is discussed and some theoretical implications about the dynamics of stereotype activation processes are drawn. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Utopic ideas of cure and joint exploration in psychoanalytic supervision

The idea of the decisive and complete cure is deeply rooted in our unconscious and in the sacral roots of symbolic healing. Double sets of private theories of cure can frequently be found among patients in psychoanalysis and their analysts. The utopian cure involves a profound transformation of the personality by way of deep regression. The idea of an attainable and more limited cure includes new ways of managing old problems. The actual ongoing treatment is then seen as the 'next-best solution'. The utopian fantasy of creating 'the new person' by means of 'proper' psychoanalysis or analytic training has far-reaching consequences for psychoanalytic education and supervision. Our awareness of the inevitable temptation in the 'utopian state of mind' can help us to trace and focus on utopic elements in the supervisory process. Exploration of utopic ideas of all the three parties involved can itself be a fruitful and stimulating way of working in supervision. An important aim of psychoanalytic supervision is to promote a distinct state of mind that can counterbalance utopic ideas and counteract the phenomenon of a 'false analytic self'.     

Klasyczne,relatywistyczne i konstruktywistyczne sposoby uznawania twierdzeń

Allatum est die 5 Novembris 1969     

When sounds look right and images sound correct: Cross-modal coherence enhances claims of pattern presence

How do people decide whether a stimulus contains a pattern? One possibility is that they rely on a global, non-specific signal of coherence. Interestingly, this signal might reflect a combination of different stimulus sources. Consequently, the coherence of one stimulus might influence decisions about coherence of a second, unrelated stimulus. We explored this possibility in three experiments in which participants judged the presence of a pattern in targets from one sensory modality, while being exposed in the background to incidental coherent and incoherent stimuli in a different modality (visual → auditory, auditory → visual). Across all three experiments, using a variety of judgments, coherence of incidental background cross-modal patterns enhanced claims of pattern presence. These findings advance our understanding of how people judge order in the structured as well as in the unstructured world.     

The future of psychotherapeutic environments: Learning from experience at a Swedish therapeutic community

Ten years' experience in a Swedish therapeutic community outside the organisation and culture of the psychiatric services is summarised with reference to a longitudinal prospective study. This therapeutic environment proved to be better suited to patients' needs, and the organisation and setting were more in accord with the treatment philosophy than at other units with which it was compared. It was possible to identify different phases in the history of the therapeutic community and the development of patients. The patient group as a whole have shown improvement in psychiatric terms, as well as with regard to psychosocial interpersonal and emotional functioning. The more lasting personality traits have not, however, altered. Difficulties in the work, and obstacles to change, appeared to derive from: the therapists' tendency to disregard problems in the relationship; not enough work focused on separation and negative, hostile feelings. Termination of treatment was a strain which the patients found difficult to manage. The period subsequent to the stay at the therapeutic community was decisive for the long-term outcome. Today, it is necessary to amend our concepts of a decisive and complete cure.