Error-correcting perceptual mechanisms

The metric of the visual field is generally accurate but subject to changes dependent on stimulation. It is suggested that these changes indicate how the metric develops initially, and that the features of the visual signal which control the metric are the distributions of contours and of contour-curvatures over the field. These distributions are genetically prescribed for the organism; they correspond well with the distribution of these features in patterns derived optically from the environment; hence visual shapes and physical shapes are maintained in correspondence.

Further short discussions concern physiological hypotheses and the extension of the above to senses other than vision.     

Young Children's Theory of Mind and Emotion

Abstract

In three experiments, children aged 3 to 7 years were tested for their understanding of the impact of beliefs and desires on emotion. Children watched while animal characters were offered various types of container and then predicted their emotional reaction. In Experiment 1, the children (but not the characters) knew that the desirable contents of each container had been removed. The majority of 6-year-olds and a minority of 4-year-olds understood that the characters would be happy with the gift, given their mistaken belief about its contents. In Experiment 2, characters were given containers apparently containing an object they wanted but really containing an object they did not want, or vice versa. Predictions of emotion based on both the desire and the mistaken belief of the characters increased with age. In Experiment 3, characters were given closed containers that might or might not contain an item they wanted. Both 3-and 5-year-olds grasped that the characters' emotional reaction would depend on both their (unconfirmed) beliefs and desires about its content.

The experiments show that preschool children deploy a theory-like conception of mind in predicting emotional reactions. They understand that the emotional impact of a situation depends not on its objective features but on the beliefs and desires that are brought to it.