Application of a CBPR Framework to Inform a Multi-level Tobacco Cessation Intervention in Public Housing Neighborhoods

African American women in urban, high poverty neighborhoods have high rates of smoking, difficulties with quitting, and disproportionate tobacco-related health disparities. Prior research utilizing conventional "outsider driven" interventions targeted to individuals has failed to show effective cessation outcomes. This paper describes the application of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework to inform a culturally situated, ecological based, multi-level tobacco cessation intervention in public housing neighborhoods. The CBPR framework encompasses problem identification, planning and feasibility/pilot testing, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination. There have been multiple partners in this process including public housing residents, housing authority administrators, community health workers, tenant associations, and academic investigators. The advisory process has evolved from an initial small steering group to our current institutional community advisory boards. Our decade-long CBPR journey produced design innovations, promising preliminary outcomes, and a full-scaled implementation study in two states. Challenges include sustaining engagement with evolving study partners, maintaining equity and power in the partnerships, and long-term sustainability of the intervention. Implications include applicability of the framework with other CBPR partnerships, especially scaling up evolutionary grassroots involvement to multi-regional partnerships.     

Visual Abilities in Older Adults Explain Age-Differences in Stroop and Fluid Intelligence but Not Face Recognition: Implications for the Vision-Cognition Connection

The associations among age, visual abilities and cognitive abilities were investigated using structural equation modeling. Measures of Visual Acuity, Colour Vision, Contrast Sensitivity, Stroop, Face Recognition and Fluid intelligence (Gf) were administered to a volunteer sample (n = 90) aged 60-87. Visual Acuity was associated with Gf even after controlling for chronological age. Age differences in Stroop were explained entirely by Colour Vision performance. However, neither Visual Acuity nor Colour Vision explained age-differences in Face Recognition. The results show that performance on some neuropsychological tests is influenced by visual ability and challenge the conventional identification of ageing effects on the Stroop task with deficits in frontal executive functioning. Visual abilities do not, however, contribute to age-differences in all cognitive domains suggesting that sensory and cognitive performance declines are not necessarily due to common biological ageing processes.     

Between a rock and a hard place? Locus of control,religious problem-solving and psychological help-seeking

Drawing on a college and community sample, this study utilised hierarchical multiple regression to examine the relative contributions of demographic variables, psychological treatment experience, religious service attendance, locus of control, and religious problem-solving style in predicting attitudes towards psychological help-seeking. Women, those holding a graduate degree, and those with treatment experience held more positive attitudes towards psychological help-seeking. While neither the locus of control nor religious problem-solving scales alone were related to help-seeking, several significant interaction effects were observed. God-centred locus of control was a positive predictor of psychological help-seeking, but only for older participants. Chance locus of control was a negative predictor, but only for graduate degree holders. Last, self-directing religious problem-solving style was a negative predictor, especially for individuals also endorsing a deferring religious problem-solving style. Perhaps the composition of the sample – largely educated, religious African-American women – gives some insight into the complex nature of these results.     

Identity Maintenance Operations and Group Therapy Process

There is a growing recognition that individuals with eating disorders can benefit from long-term group psychotherapy. This paper describes a cognitive-interpersonal framework for understanding aspects of the pathogenesis and persistence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia that are particularly relevant to the group context. Fundamental characteristics of an open-ended, cognitive-interpersonal eating disorders group are examined. Case illustrations are provided that exemplify the theoretical conceptualization. The relative efficacy of the long-term group, in contrast to the time-limited group, is underscored.     

Applying the Flanker Task to Political Psychology: A Research Note

One of the two stated objectives of the new “Research Note” section of Political Psychology is to present short reports that highlight novel methodological approaches. Toward that end, we call readers' attention to the “flanker task,” a research protocol widely employed in the study of the cognitive processes involved with detection, recognition, and distraction. The flanker task has increasingly been modified to study social traits, and we believe it has untapped value in the area of political psychology. Here we describe the flanker task—discussing its potential for political psychology—and illustrate this potential by presenting results from a study correlating political ideology to flanker effects.     

Executive Functions in Preschool Children Born Preterm: Application of Cognitive Neuroscience Paradigms

Although children born preterm are at risk for neuropsychological impairments at school age and adolescence, including difficulties with visual motor integration, spatial/constructional skills, attention, arithmetic, and nonverbal executive functions, specific neuropsychological outcome has not been investigated adequately in preschoolers. Application of cognitive neuroscience tasks offers the opportunity to characterize early executive functions in young children born preterm. In a preliminary sample of 29 preschool children born preterm (M birth gestational age = 32.4 weeks), executive function outcome was compared to that of fullterm controls by contrasting performance on two prototypic delayed-response-type paradigms, Delayed Alternation and Spatial Reversal. Preschoolers born preterm correctly retrieved the reward on fewer trials on Delayed Alternation than did matched controls. Furthermore, preschool children born preterm used problem-solving strategies that included more perseverative errors than controls. These preliminary findings highlight the utility of cognitive neuroscience paradigms to understand neuropsychological outcome in preschool children born preterm and suggest areas of developmental vulnerability that may include dorsolateral prefrontal circuits.