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951.
Russell D. Ravert Seth J. Schwartz Byron L. Zamboanga Su Yeong Kim Robert S. Weisskirch Melina Bersamin 《Personality and individual differences》2009,47(7):763-768
This study examines the roles of sensation seeking and invulnerability as predictors of health compromising behaviors in a multiethnic sample of 1690 emerging adult college students (mean age = 19.8, range 18–25 years) from nine US colleges and universities. Participants completed the Arnett Sensation Seeking Inventory and the Adolescent Invulnerability Scale; and reported how often they had participated in a set of health compromising risk behaviors (i.e., substance use, impaired driving, and sexual behaviors) in the 30 days prior to assessment. Sensation seeking and danger invulnerability scores were moderately correlated (r = .30). Findings from a series of multivariate Poisson regression analyses suggest that when considered simultaneously as predictors, sensation seeking appears to be a general risk factor associated with engagement in a variety of risk behaviors, whereas danger invulnerability is primarily a factor in those risk behaviors that are less common among peers (e.g., hard drug use, casual sex, and driving while intoxicated). 相似文献
952.
The effects of saccadic bilateral (horizontal) eye movements on memory for a visual event narrative were investigated. In the study phase, participants were exposed to a set of pictures accompanied by a verbal commentary describing the events depicted in the pictures. Next, the participants were asked either misleading or control questions about the depicted event and were then asked to engage in 30s of bilateral vs. vertical vs. no eye movements. Finally, recognition memory was tested using the remember-know procedure. It was found that bilateral eye movements increased true memory for the event, increased recollection, and decreased the magnitude of the misinformation effect. The findings are discussed in terms of source monitoring, dual-process theories of memory and the potential neural foundations of such effects. 相似文献
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We analyze four general signal detection models for recognition memory that differ in their distributional assumptions. Our
analyses show that a basic assumption of signal detection theory, the likelihood ratio decision axis, implies three regularities
in recognition memory: (1) the mirror effect, (2) the variance effect, and (3) the z-ROC length effect. For each model, we
present the equations that produce the three regularities and show, in computed examples, how they do so. We then show that
the regularities appear in data from a range of recognition studies. The analyses and data in our study support the following
generalization: Individuals make efficient recognition decisions on the basis of likelihood ratios. 相似文献
955.
Andrew Sayer 《Res Publica》2009,15(1):1-16
The dominant focus of thinking about economic justice is overwhelmingly distributive, that is, concerned with what people
get in terms of resources and opportunities. It views work mainly negatively, as a burden or cost, or else is neutral about it,
rather than seeing it as a source of meaning and fulfilment—a good in its own right. However, what we do in life has at least as much, if not more, influence on whom we become, as does what we get. Thus we have good reason also to be concerned with what Paul Gomberg has termed contributive
justice, that is, justice as regards what people are expected and able to contribute in terms of work. Complex, interesting work
allows workers not only to develop and exercise their capacities, and gain the satisfaction from achieving the internal goods
of a practice, but to gain the external goods of recognition and esteem. As Gomberg’s analysis of the concept of contributive
justice in relation to equality of opportunity shows, as long as the more satisfying kinds of work are concentrated into a
subset of jobs, rather than shared out among all jobs, then many workers will be denied the chance to have meaningful work
and the recognition that goes with it. In this paper I examine the contributive justice argument, suggest how it can be further
strengthened, arguing, inter alia, that ignoring contributive injustice tends to support legitimations of distributive inequality.
相似文献
Andrew SayerEmail: |
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Diagnosing students’ misconceptions in algebra: Results from an experimental pilot study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Computer-based diagnostic assessment systems hold potential to help teachers identify sources of poor performance and to connect
teachers and students to learning activities designed to help advance students’ conceptual understandings. The present article
presents findings from a study that examined how students’ performance in algebra and their overcoming of common algebraic
misconceptions were affected by the use of a diagnostic assessment system that focused on important algebra concepts. This
study used a four-group randomized cluster trial design in which teachers were assigned randomly to one of four groups: a
“business as usual” control group, a partial intervention group that was provided with access to diagnostic tests results,
a partial intervention group that was provided with access to the learning activities, and a full intervention group that
was given access to the test results and learning activities. Data were collected from 905 students (6th–12th grade) nested
within 44 teachers. We used hierarchical linear modeling techniques to compare the effects of full, partial, and no (control)
intervention on students’ algebraic ability and misconceptions. The analyses indicate that full intervention had a net positive
effect on ability and misconception measures. 相似文献
959.
Psychological experiments often collect choice responses using buttonpresses. However, spoken responses are useful in many
cases—for example, when working with special clinical populations, or when a paradigm demands vocalization, or when accurate
response time measurements are desired. In these cases, spoken responses are typically collected using a voice key, which
usually involves manual coding by experimenters in a tedious and error-prone manner. We describe ChoiceKey, an open-source
speech recognition package for MATLAB. It can be optimized by training for small response sets and different speakers. We
show ChoiceKey to be reliable with minimal training for most participants in experiments with two different responses. Problems
presented by individual differences, and occasional atypical responses, are examined, and extensions to larger response sets
are explored. The ChoiceKey source files and instructions may be downloaded as supplemental materials for this article from
brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
960.
Now you see me,now you don't: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of the eyes in attention
Chimpanzees appear to understand something about the attentional states of others; in the present experiment, we investigated whether they understand that the attentional state of a human is based on eye gaze. In all, 116 adult chimpanzees were offered food by an experimenter who engaged in one of the four experimental manipulations: eyes closed, eyes open, hand over eyes, and hand over mouth. The communicative behavior of the chimpanzees was observed. More visible behaviors were produced when the experimenter's eyes were visible than when the experimenter's eyes were not visible. More vocalizations were produced when the experimenter's eyes were closed than when they were open, but there were no differences in other attention getting behaviors. There was no effect of age or rearing history. The results suggest that chimpanzees use the presence of the eyes as a cue that their visual gestures will be effective. 相似文献