General contrast effects in speech perception: Effect of preceding liquid on stop consonant identification

When members of a series of synthesized stop consonants varying acoustically inF3 characteristics and varying perceptually from /da/ to /ga/ are preceded by /al/, subjects report hearing more /ga/ syllables relative to when each member is preceded by /ar/ (Mann, 1980). It has been suggested that this result demonstrates the existence of a mechanism that compensates for coarticulation via tacit knowledge of articulatory dynamics and constraints, or through perceptual recovery of vocal-tract dynamics. The present study was designed to assess the degree to which these perceptual effects are specific to qualities of human articulatory sources. In three experiments, series of consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli varying inF3-onset frequency (/da/—/ga/) were preceded by speech versions or nonspeech analogues of /al/ and lav I. The effect of liquid identity on stop consonant labeling remained when the preceding VC was produced by a female speaker and the CV syllable was modeled after a male speaker’s productions. Labeling boundaries also shifted when the CV was preceded by a sine wave glide modeled after F3 characteristics of /al/ and /ar/. Identifications shifted even when the preceding sine wave was of constant frequency equal to the offset frequency ofF3 from a natural production. These results suggest an explanation in terms of general auditory processes as opposed to recovery of or knowledge of specific articulatory dynamics.     

Substance Abuse in Persons With Disabilities: Treatment Considerations

In this article the authors examine the issues and needs of individuals who are physically disabled and have substance abuse problems. Reasons for the high rate of substance abuse among individuals who are physically disabled are explored. Treatment considerations for such individuals are addressed and include individual, family, and educational counseling. Prevention issues are examined, and the importance of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA, 1990) is assessed.     

Book reviews and notes

General

Islam and Islamic Groups: A Worldwide Reference Guide. Farzana Shaikh (ed.), 1992. London, Longman. x + 316 pp., hb £85.00, ISBN 0–582–09146–2.

Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Vol. 2: The Contemporary Period. Andrew Rippin, 1993. London & New York, Routledge. 171 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 0–415–04527–4; pb. £12.99, 0–415–04528–2.

The Medieval Spains. Bernard F. Reilly, 1993. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 228 pp., pb. £10.95, ISBN 0–521–39741–3.

Muhyiddin Ibn ^cArabi: A Commemorative Volume. Stephen Hirtenstein and Michael Tiernan (eds), 1993. London, Element Books. 379 pp., hb. n.p., ISBN 1–85230–349–2; pb. n.p., 1–85230–395.

Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales: Sciences Occultes et Islam. Annick Regour and Pierre Lory (eds), 1992. Damas, Institut Français de Damas. pb. n.p., ISBN 2–901315–04–6. ISSN 0253–1623.

Traditional Islam in the Modern World. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 1990. London, Kegan Paul International Ltd. 335 pp., pb. no price, ISBN 0–7103–0332–7.

The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer Al‐Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International. Chibli Mallat, 1993. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 245 pp., hb. £30.00, ISBN 0–521–43319–3.

Power‐Sharing Islam. Azzam Tamini (ed.), 1993. London, Liberty for Muslim World Publications. 192 pp., pb. £9.95, ISBN 0–9521672–0–4.

The Ethics of Disagreement in Islam. Taha Jabir Al‐'Alwani, 1993. Herndon, VA, International Institute of Islamic Thought. 158 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 1–56564–118–3.

Regional Africa

Muslim Idenity and Social Changes in sub-Saharan Africa. L. Brenner (ed.), 1993. London, C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. 250 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 1–85065–195–7; pb. £10.50, 1–85065–196–5.

Windows on the Sudan: A Story of Pain and Pride. Timothy Biles, 1991. Dorset, Brenda Travers, 2nd edn. 164 pp., pb. £4.99, ISBN 0–9517915–0–8.

Sudan: History, Identity, Ideology. Herve Bleuchot, Christian Delmet and Derek Hopwood (eds), 1991. Reading, Ithaca Press. 298 pp., hb. £25.00, ISBN 0–86372–149–4.

Religion and Power in Morocco. Henry Munson Jr., 1993. New Haven & London, Yale University Press. 232 pp., hb. £19.95, ISBN 0–300–95376–2.

Lé Passe de la Ville de Sale dans tous ses Etats: Histoire, Archéologie, Archives. Joudia Hassar‐Benslimane, 1992. Paris, Editions Maisonneuve et Larose. 291 pp. no price, pb., ISBN 2–7068–1039–4.

Der Heiligenkult in Marokko: Formen und Funktionen der Wallfahrten. Hubert Lang, 1992. Passau, Passavia Universitatsverlag. 235 pp., pb. DM 49.80, ISBN 3–860360–06‐X.

Insoumissions Populaires et Révolution au Burkina Faso. Richard Banégas, 1993. Bordeaux, Centre d'Étude d'Afrique Noire. 148 pp., pb. 110FF, ISBN 2–908065–18–5.

Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu. Michael A. Gomez, 1992. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 252 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 0–521–41940–9.

Peace is Everything: The World View of Muslims and Traditionalists in the Senegambia. David E. Marantz, 1900. Dallas, TX, International Museum of Cultures. 300 pp., pb. $32.00, ISBN 0–88312–816–0.

Europe

Muslims and Christians in Europe: Breaking New Ground. Essays in Honour of Jan Slomp. Gé Speelman, Jan van Lin and Dick Mulder (eds), 1993. Kampen, Uitgeverij Kok. 211 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 90–242–8064–8.

Religion. Central Office of Information, 1992. London, HMSO. 80 pp., pb. £5.00, ISBN 0–11–701704–3.

The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis. Pnina Werbner, 1990. Oxford, Berg. 391 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 0–85496–625–0.

Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. Michael Rywkin, 1990. Revised ed, Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe. 180 pp., hb. $45.00, ISBN 0–87332–613‐X.

State Religion and Society in Central Asia: A Post‐Soviet Critique. Vitaly Naumkin (ed.), 1993. Reading, Ithaca Press. 289 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 0–86372–162–1.

Russia's Muslim Frontiers: New Directions in Cross‐Cultural Analysis. Dale F. Eickelman (ed.), 1993. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. 206 pp., pb. £11.99, ISBN 0–253–20823–8.

Middle East

Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation. Theodor Hanf, 1993. London, I. B. Tauris with The Centre for Lebanese Studies. xvii + 712 pp., hb. £45.00, ISBN 1–85043–651–7.

Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. Alexei Vassilev, 1993. Reading, Ithaca Press. 384 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 0–86372–168–0.

Christian‐Muslim Relations

Stepping Stones to a Global Ethic. Marcus Braybrooke, 1992. London, SCM Press. 151 pp., pb. £9.95, ISBN 0–334–01574‐X.

A Greek and Arabic Lexicon, Materials for a Dictionary of the Mediaeval Translations from Greek into Arabic. Gerhard Endress and Dimitri Gutas (eds), 1992. Fascicle, 1. Leiden, New York, Köln, E. J. Brill. 96 pp., plus glossary, pb. DFL80.00, $45.75, ISBN 90–04–09494–6.

Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam: Contacts and Conflicts 1596–1950. Karel Steenbrink, Translated by J. Steenbrink and H. Jansen, 1993. Amsterdam‐Atlanta, GA, Rodopi. 170 pp., hb. £18.50, ISBN 90–5183–267–2.

Wandering Like a Madman. Timothy Biles, 1992. Dorset, Beaminster Team Publications. 134 pp., pb. £4.99, ISBN 09517915–1–6.     

The effect of signal probability on the slope of the receiver operating characteristic given by the rating procedure

Signal detection theory (SDT) requires that the slope of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is independent of the probability of signal and noise. But it has been shown that when the rating procedure is applied to detection, the slope of the receiver operating characteristic may increase as a function of the probability of the signal (Schulman & Greenberg, 1970). This presents a serious problem for signal detection theory. This problem is examined in relation to a recent theory of criterion setting (Treisman & Williams, 1984), and an explanation for the effect of signal probability on ROC slope is derived which is compatible with SDT. Further data on the relation between signal probability and ROC slope are reported.     

Ingratiation tactics channeled by target values and threat capability1

Several hypotheses concerning the use of ingratiation tactics were tested in a paradigm where subjects believed that monetary rewards were contingent on a favorable evaluation from a supervisor. Manipulated variables in the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design were (a) the nature of the supervisor's values (i.e., efficiency vs. sociability), (b) the level of threats issued by the supervisor (no threat vs. high threat), and (c) the extent to which the subjects were dependent on the supervisor's evaluation (low dependency vs. high dependency). The dependent variables were the extent to which the subjects used the ingratiation tactics of other-enhancement (flattery) and selective self-presentation. Findings indicate that the manipulation of the supervisor's values affected the form of other-enhancement used by subjects; more flattery in terms of efficiency occurred in the efficiency values condition, while more flattery in terms of sociability occurred in the sociability values condition. The supervisor's values also affected self-presentation; subjects claimed to hold efficiency ideals when the supervisor held efficiency values, but (in line with earlier findings) they did not claim to hold sociability ideals when the supervisor held sociability values. The manipulation of threats issued by the supervisor had a significant effect on the subjects' use of other-enhancement with respect to the target's sociability, but it had no effect on other ingratiation measures. Finally, the manipulation of dependency had no effect on other-enhancement, but it did produce a surprising “modesty effect” on self-presentation. Subjects presented themselves as both less efficient and less sociable under high dependency than under low. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research on ingratiation tactics.     

The localization over time of exogenous aldosterone and angiotensin II in various organs

Central nervous system effects have been demonstrated for angiotensin II and suggested for aldosterone. In order to determine whether either of these chemicals naturally crosses the blood-brain barrier, radioactive aldosterone and angiotensin II were introduced via intracardiac injections in rats. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, adrenals, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus were collected at three, 15, and 60 minutes, frozen, dissolved, and counted. Blood levels for aldosterone and angiotensin II remained constant over 60 minutes. Aldosterone accumulated in the liver, kidney, adrenals and hypothalamus three minutes after injection, and levels diminished over time. Angiotensin II levels peaked in the adrenal, kidney, and liver after three minutes, and in the hypothalamus after 15 minutes. Cerebral cortex levels were lower than hypothalamic levels by 30% for aldosterone and 50% for angiotensin II. This suggests that both drugs may enter the central nervous system and selectively accumulate in the hypothalamus.