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971.
G.?Daniel?LassiterEmail author Melissa?J.?Beers Andrew?L.?Geers Ian?M.?Handley Patrick?J.?Munhall Paul?E.?Weiland 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2002,21(3):265-288
Four experiments were conducted to test possible limits on the previously demonstrated point-of-view bias in videotaped confessions.
Study 1 showed that deliberation did not eliminate the bias. Study 2 showed that forewarning did not eliminate the bias. Study
3 showed that directing greater attention to the content of the confession did not eliminate the bias. Study 4 showed that
using a lengthier, case-based confession also did not eliminate the bias. Taken together, this research clearly indicates
that the legal system needs to be concerned with the potential for bias that exists in videotaped confessions.
This research was supported by funds from the Ohio Board of Regents and the National Science Foundation (BNS-8911067 and SBR-9514966).
We thank Kevin Apple, Kim Dudley, Kelly Kinnison, Melanie LaForce, Matthew Leafgren, Richelle Newvahner, Laurie Olsen, John
Ray, Alicia Santuzzi, Jason Secondi, and Katie Strieker for their contributions to various aspects of the research. With the
exception of Lassiter, order of authorship is alphabetical. 相似文献
972.
Studies of imitation in animals have become numerous in recent times, but do they contribute to a comparative psychology of social learning? We review this burgeoning field to identify the problems and prospects for such a goal. Difficulties of two main kinds are identified. First, researchers have tackled questions about social learning from at least three very different theoretical perspectives, the "phylogenetic", "animal model", and "adaptational". We examine the conflicts between them and consider the scope for integration. A second difficulty arises in the methodological approaches used in the discipline. In relation to one of these - survey reviews of published studies - we tabulate and compare the contrasting conclusions of nine articles that together review 36 studies. The basis for authors' disagreements, including the matters of perceptual opacity, novelty, sequential structure, and goal representation, are examined. In relation to the other key method, comparative experimentation, we identify 12 studies that have explicitly compared species' imitative ability on similar tasks. We examine the principal problems of comparing like with like in these studies and consider solutions, the most powerful of which we propose to be the use of a systematic range of task designs, rather than any single "gold standard" task. 相似文献
973.
Bagby RM Ryder AG Ben-Dat D Bacchiochi J Parker JD 《Journal of personality disorders》2002,16(4):304-316
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine whether the latent structure underlying the items composing the MMPI-2 Personality Psychopathology Five scales (PSY-5; Harkness, McNulty, & Ben-Porath, 1995) is representative of the theoretical model that informed their construction. Results from the CFA revealed a good fit between the hypothesized five-factor model and the obtained latent factor structure in both clinical (n = 284) and nonclinical (n = 351) samples. Moreover, the PSY-5 model proved to be a better fit than a random five-factor model and a one-factor model. Correlations between the PSY-5 scales and a set of MMPI-2 (DSM-IV) personality disorder scales provided additional evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. 相似文献
974.
To determine whether female-typed personality disorders are associated with a different pattern of dysfunction than male-typed disorders, lay judges (N = 216) estimated the amount of social impairment, occupational impairment, and personal distress related to symptoms of personality disorders. Results for both the subset of six disorders originally rated by clinician judges in the research of Funtowicz and Widiger (1999) and for a larger set of nine disorders revealed a pattern originally reported by Funtowicz and Widiger where female-typed disorders were associated with relatively higher ratings of personal distress, whereas male-typed disorders were associated with relatively higher ratings of social (and sometimes occupational) impairment. Findings are discussed with respect to the emphasis of different forms of dysfunction for male- and female-typed disorders, lay versus clinician judgments, and directions for future research. 相似文献
975.
Jones AD Cho RY Nystrom LE Cohen JD Braver TS 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2002,2(4):300-317
A growing body of evidence from functional neuroimaging and computational modeling studies indicates that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) detects the presence of response conflict and conveys this information to other brain regions, enabling subsequent adjustments in cognitive control. The present study examined previous empirical findings of increased ACC for low-frequency stimuli across three distinct speeded response tasks (two-alternative forced choice, go/no-go, and oddball). Simulations conducted in a neural network model incorporating sequential priming mechanisms (developed in Cho et al., 2002) confirmed that a computational measure of response conflict was higher on low-frequency trials across all three tasks. In addition, the model captured detailed aspects of behavioral reaction time and accuracy data, predicted the dynamics of ACC activity related to trial sequence effects, and provided evidence for the functional role of conflict information in performance monitoring and optimization. The results indicate that the conflict-monitoring hypothesis, augmented by mechanisms for encoding stimulus history, can explain key phenomena associated with performance in sequential speeded response tasks. 相似文献
976.
Andrew Leynes P 《Brain and cognition》2002,50(2):218-233
Source-monitoring decision processes were manipulated during retrieval while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Words were either seen or heard at study, and memory for modality was measured on two separate yes-no source tests. Decision processes were varied across the two tests by asking participants to respond to leading questions. One leading question asked if the items were seen at study, whereas the second question asked if the items were heard at study (cf., Marsh & Hicks, 1998). Behavioral responses indicated that leading questions altered the way in which memory was evaluated to determine the source of information. Varying the decision processes affected frontal--but not parietal ERPs--indicating that frontal ERPs reflect processing that is used to evaluate activated information. Furthermore, left and right frontal ERP activity was affected by the combination of test query and type of source supporting the hypothesis that both the right and left frontal lobes contribute to memory retrieval processes. The pattern of frontal ERP effects supports the hypothesis that activation in right frontal areas reflect basic decision processes that are used to determine source and that the left frontal lobes are recruited when more systematic processing is required by the test context (cf., Nolde, Johnson, & Raye, 1998b). 相似文献
977.
Papanicolaou AC Simos PG Castillo EM Breier JI Katz JS Wright AA 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2002,9(3):99-104
Recognition of words and kaleidoscope pictures showed a double dissociation of left and right hippocampal activity using magnetic source imaging (MSI). MSI has advantages over alternative imaging techniques that measure hemodynamic changes for identifying regional changes in brain activity in real time and on an individual subject basis without the need for image subtraction. In this study, lists of words or kaleidoscope pictures were presented for memorization followed by tests of list items and foils during which brain activity was recorded. There was greater activation in the left than the right hippocampus with abstract nouns (e.g., relief) and greater activation in the right than the left hippocampus with kaleidoscope pictures. This dissociation was evident on a case by case basis. This study demonstrates the specialization of the two medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions, including the hippocampi, for mnemonic processing of verbal and pictorial items that are difficult to encode verbally. 相似文献
978.
Gleeson A 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2005,26(3):261-275
Philip Pettit has argued that universalizability entails consequentialism. I criticise the argument for relying on a question-begging reading of the impartiality of universalization. A revised form of the argument can be constructed by relying on preference-satisfaction rationality, rather than on impartiality. But this revised argument succumbs to an ambiguity in the notion of a preference (or desire). I compare the revised argument to an earlier argument of Pettit’s for consequentialism that appealed to the theoretical virtue of simplicity, and I raise questions about the force of appeal to notions like simplicity and rationality in moral argument. 相似文献
979.
Herrington JD Mohanty A Koven NS Fisher JE Stewart JL Banich MT Webb AG Miller GA Heller W 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2005,5(2):200-207
Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine the relationship between processing of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and activity in prefrontal cortex. Twenty volunteers identified the colors in which pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant words were printed. Pleasant words prompted more activity bilaterally in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) than did unpleasant words. In addition, pleasant words prompted more activity in left than in right DLPFC. Response speed to pleasant words was correlated with DLPFC activity. These data directly link positive affect, enhanced performance, and prefrontal activity, providing some of the first fMRI evidence supporting models of emotional valence and frontal brain asymmetry based on electroencephalography (EEG). 相似文献
980.
Flannelly KJ Roberts SB Weaver AJ 《The journal of pastoral care & counseling : JPCC》2005,59(3):213-224
Participants at a June 2002 conference about the September 11th attacks were tested for compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout. The sample consisted of 343 clergy, including 97 chaplains. A total of 149 (43.4%) of the participants had responded as disaster-relief workers following the September 11th attacks. The number of hours clergy worked with trauma victims each week was directly related to compassion fatigue among responders and non-responders. Compassion fatigue also was positively related to the number of days that responders worked at Ground Zero, while disaster-relief work with the American Red Cross reduced compassion fatigue and burnout. Clinical Pastoral Education tended to decrease compassion fatigue and burnout and increase compassion satisfaction in both responders and non-responders. Burnout was inversely related to age in both groups. 相似文献