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851.
852.
Finch WH Chang M Davis AS Holden JE Rothlisberg BA McIntosh DE 《Behavior research methods》2011,43(4):942-952
Statistical prediction of an outcome variable using multiple independent variables is a common practice in the social and
behavioral sciences. For example, neuropsychologists are sometimes called upon to provide predictions of preinjury cognitive
functioning for individuals who have suffered a traumatic brain injury. Typically, these predictions are made using standard
multiple linear regression models with several demographic variables (e.g., gender, ethnicity, education level) as predictors.
Prior research has shown conflicting evidence regarding the ability of such models to provide accurate predictions of outcome
variables such as full-scale intelligence (FSIQ) test scores. The present study had two goals: (1) to demonstrate the utility
of a set of alternative prediction methods that have been applied extensively in the natural sciences and business but have
not been frequently explored in the social sciences and (2) to develop models that can be used to predict premorbid cognitive
functioning in preschool children. Predictions of Stanford–Binet 5 FSIQ scores for preschool-aged children is used to compare
the performance of a multiple regression model with several of these alternative methods. Results demonstrate that classification
and regression treesprovided more accurate predictions of FSIQ scores than does the more traditional regression approach.
Implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
853.
Placebo expectations can have a strong influence on physical and mental health outcomes. In prior research examining placebo expectation effects, participants have been assigned placebo treatments rather than being actively involved in selecting their treatment. In modern health care, however, individuals are often involved in health care decisions. We review relevant literature regarding choice and placebo expectation effects and conclude that exercising choice over a treatment should strengthen placebo effects. Data relevant to this hypothesis is reviewed. Next, we provide a framework for understanding the key variables involved in mediating and moderating the influence of treatment choice on placebo expectation effects. Finally, theoretical and practical issues revolving around treatment choice in the context of placebo effects are raised. 相似文献
854.
Abstract Recent theoretical approaches to understanding face recognition have used converging evidence from studies of normal face processing, everyday errors and patterns of neuropsychological impairment to suggest how different face processing modules are related to each other. This paper disuses four issues that arise from this body of work. These concern the nature of representations involved in face recognition, the existence of parallel pathways for processing different types of information, the relationship between recognition and awareness, and the question of how faces become familiar. Current research provoked by these issues is reviewed in the paper and suggestions are made about the ways in which such research will help refine theories of face processing. 相似文献
855.
Kenny Coventry Simon Venn Graham Smith Andrew Morley 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(1):71-100
Three experiments investigated the role of object knowledge on participants' ability to solve a spatial arrangement problem. The task was to rearrange six real-world three-dimensional objects so that their relative locations agreed with a given set of rules. The aim of the experiments was to tease out the relative extent to which object association, orientation, and object-specific functional relations affect performance on arrangement tasks. When the problem was presented vertically (objects arranged in piles), participants solved functional canonical versions of the problem significantly quicker than functional non-canonical versions both between (Experiments 1a and 2), and within subjects (Experiment 3). When the arrangement problem was presented horizontally (objects arranged flat in two rows), no significant differences in solution times were found between conditions (Experiments 1b and 2). Overall the results provide evidence for the importance of object-specific functional relations as a predictor of the solution time of spatial arrangement problems, although some differences were noted between single and multiple presentation of problems when specific rules within problems were rotated. The importance of functional information in memory as a constraint on the building of mental models and problem spaces is discussed. 相似文献
856.
Catriona M. Morrison Katherine W. Hirsh Tameron Chappell Andrew W. Ellis 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(4):435-459
An important determinant of picture and word naming speed is the age at which the names were learned (age of acquisition). Two related interpretations of these effects are that they reflect differences between words in their cumulative frequency of use, or that they reflect differences in the amount of time early and lateacquired words have spent in lexical memory. Both theories predict that differences between early and late-acquired words will be less apparent in older than younger adults. Two experiments are reported in which younger and older adults read words varying in age of acquisition or frequency, or named objects varying in age of acquisition. There was an observed effect of word frequency only for young adults' word naming. In contrast, strong age of acquisition effects were found for both the young and the old participants. The implications of these results for theories of how age of acquisition might affect lexical processing are discussed. 相似文献
857.
858.
Behavioral versus Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatment in ADHD Children Attending a Summer Treatment Program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Pelham WE Gnagy EM Greiner AR Hoza B Hinshaw SP Swanson JM Simpson S Shapiro C Bukstein O Baron-Myak C McBurnett K 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(6):507-525
As part of the behavioral treatment in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), children participated in an intensive summer treatment program (STP). This study examined the differences between 57 children in the combined treatment (Comb) group, who were medicated, and 60 children in the behavioral treatment (Beh) group, who were unmedicated throughout the STP. Comb children were significantly better than Beh on 5 measures: rule following, good sportsmanship, peer negative nominations, and STP teacher posttreatment ratings of inattention/overactivity. Groups did not differ on any of the other 30 measures, and responded similarly to the STP over time. Comparisons to normative data revealed that Comb children were more likely to fall within the normative range on 6 measures. The differences between these results and the main MTA results, in which Comb was always superior to Beh, are discussed in terms of the relative intensity of combined treatments. The implications for future studies of pharmacological and behavioral treatment for ADHD are discussed. 相似文献
859.
Free recall and recognition, memory for temporal order, spatial memory and prospective memory were assessed in patients with frontal lobe lesions, patients with posterior cortex lesions and control subjects. Both patient groups showed equivalent memory deficits relative to control subjects on a range of free recall and recognition tasks, on memory for temporal order and on a prospective memory task. The patient groups also performed equivalently on the spatial memory task although only patients with frontal lobe lesions were significantly impaired. However, the patients with frontal lobe lesions showed an increased false alarm rate and made more intrusion errors relative not only to the control subjects, but also to the patients with poster or cortex lesions. These memory problems are discussed in relation to deficits in executive function and basic memory processes. 相似文献
860.
The power function is treated as the law relating response time to practice trials. However, the evidence for a power law is flawed, because it is based on averaged data. We report a survey that assessed the form of the practice function for individual learners and learning conditions in paradigms that have shaped theories of skill acquisition. We fit power and exponential functions to 40 sets of data representing 7,910 learning series from 475 subjects in 24 experiments. The exponential function fit better than the power function in all the unaveraged data sets. Averaging produced a bias in favor of the power function. A new practice function based on the exponential, the APEX function, fit better than a power function with an extra, preexperimental practice parameter. Clearly, the best candidate for the law of practice is the exponential or APEX function, not the generally accepted power function. The theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献