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971.
Two imaging experiments were performed—one involving an algebraic transformation task studied by Anderson, Reder, and Lebiere
(1996) and the other an abstraction symbol manipulation task studied by Blessing and Anderson (1996). ACT-R models exist that
predict the latency patterns in these tasks. These models require activity in an imaginal buffer to represent changes to the
problem representation, in a retrieval buffer to hold information from declarative memory, and in a manual buffer to hold
information about motor behavior. A general theory is described about how to map activity in these buffers onto the fMRI blood
oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response. This theory claims that the BOLD response is integrated over the duration that a buffer
is active and can be used to predict the observed BOLD function. Activity in the imaginal buffer is shown to predict the BOLD
response in a left posterior parietal region; activity in the retrieval buffer is shown to predict the BOLD response in a
left prefrontal region; and activity in the manual buffer is shown to predict activity in a motor region. More generally,
this article shows how to map a large class of information-processing theories (not just ACT-R) onto the BOLD response and
provides a precise interpretation of the cognitive significance of the BOLD response. 相似文献
972.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the factorial validity of the Brunel Mood Scale, which measures anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor, for water-skiers. Participants were 345 water-skiers (age range 16 to 39 years, men: n=311, women: n=34) who completed the scale approximately 1 hour before a water-skiing competition. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated support for the validity of the 6-factor model, with a Comparative Fit Index of .90 and Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation of .07. Internal consistency coefficients were above the .70 criterion. It is suggested that the Brunel Mood Scale shows factorial validity for use with water-skiers and that researchers should continue to assess validation of the Brunel Mood Scale with other measures and with specific appropriate samples. 相似文献
973.
The classification of an inmate population at a maximum security jail in Canada was undertaken to study factors correlated with recidivism. A total of 12 recidivists and 12 nonrecidivists were classified according to their index offenses, and a Criminal Record search was completed to verify their statements. A total of 15 non-offenders who had also undergone a criminal record check were included as controls. All participants were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-168, Violence Risk Scale-Experimental Version, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the groups on scores for the Hypochondriasis, Psychopathic Deviate, and Hypomania scales of the MMPI-168. Significant differences were noted for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task and the Violence Risk Scale. Discriminant analysis of the recidivists and nonrecidivists correctly classified at a 91.3% level. 相似文献
974.
975.
Andrew R. A. Conway 《Memory & cognition》1999,27(4):575-583
An episodic trace retrieval (ETR) explanation of negative priming (NP) predicts that the NP effect should be sensitive to the timing of delays between trials (Neill & Valdes, 1992; Neill, Valdes, Terry, & Gorfein, 1992). Specifically, according to ETR, (1) NP is affected by the response-stimulus interval (RSI) before the prime display, and (2) NP decays when RSI is manipulated within groups but not when RSI is manipulated between groups. Two localization tasks and two identification tasks are reported that question the reliability of these findings. The results suggest that there is little in the time-course literature that uniquely supports the ETR theory of NP. Instead, the results seem more compatible with either a dual-mechanism account (Kane, May, Hasher, Rahhal, & Stoltzfus, 1997) or an integrative approach that incorporates both memory and attention processes (Milliken, Joordens, Merikle, & Seiffert, 1998). 相似文献
976.
We investigated whether infants from 8-22 weeks of age were sensitive to the illusory contour created by aligned line terminators. Previous reports of illusory-contour detection in infants under 4 months old could be due to infants' preference for the presence of terminators rather than their configuration. We generated preferential-looking stimuli containing sinusoidal lines whose oscillating, abutting terminators give a strong illusory contour in adult perception. Our experiments demonstrated a preference in infants 8 weeks old and above for an oscillating illusory contour compared with a stimulus containing equal terminator density and movement. Control experiments excluded local line density, or attention to alignment in general, as the basis for this result. In the youngest age group (8-10 weeks) stimulus velocity appears to be critical in determining the visibility of illusory contours, which is consistent with other data on motion processing at this age. We conclude that, by 2 months of age, the infant's visual system contains the nonlinear mechanisms necessary to extract an illusory contour from aligned terminators. 相似文献
977.
978.
Andrew Greeley 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》1999,14(2):189-202
A “more general”; theory is proposed speculatively for the sociological study of religion which combines narrative theory, socialization theory, and rational choice theory. The first describes what religion is, the second how it is passed on, and the third why there is a propensity for adults to remain in the religious culture of their childhood. This theory helps to account for the remarkable durability of religion and religious affiliation and provides a broader approach to the social science study of religion. An illustration is provided of how the theory might be applied in data analysis. 相似文献
979.
Long-term recall memory, as indexed by deferred imitation, was assessed in 12-month-old infants. Independent groups of infants were tested after retention intervals of 3 min, 1 week and 4 weeks. Deferred imitation was assessed using the ‘observation-only’ procedure in which infants were not allowed motor practice on the tasks before the delay was imposed. Thus, the memory could not have been based on re-accessing a motor habit, because none was formed in the first place. After the delay, memory was assessed either in the same or a different environmental context from the one in which the adult had originally demonstrated the acts. In Experiments 1 and 3, infants observed the target acts while in an unusual environment (an orange and white polka-dot tent), and recall memory was tested in an ordinary room. In Experiment 2, infants observed the target acts in their homes and were tested for memory in a university room. The results showed recall memory after all retention intervals, including the 4 week delay, with no effect of context change. Interestingly, the forgetting function showed that the bulk of the forgetting occurred during the first week. The findings of recall memory without motor practice support the view that infants as young as 12 months old use a declarative (nonprocedural) memory system to span delay intervals as long as 4 weeks. 相似文献
980.
Immersive virtual environment (IVE) technology has great promise as a tool for basic experimental research in psychology. IVE technology gives participants the experience of being surrounded by the computer-synthesized environment. We begin with a discussion of the various devices needed to implement immersive virtual environments, including object manipulation and social interaction. We review the benefits and drawbacks associated with virtual environment technology, in comparison with more conventional ways of doing basic experimental research. We then consider a variety of examples of research using IVE technology in the areas of perception, spatial cognition, and social interaction. 相似文献