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671.
672.
Andreas Frings 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):31-56
Summary
Rational Choice and Historical Explanation. The dichotomy between narrative and causal approaches is one of the most discussed problems in historical explanation. The
main problem seems to be that many philosophers and historians do not agree with the argument of analytical philosophy of
history that explanations demand law-like assumptions. Even Arthur C. Danto, however, who is often regarded as the founder
of narrative explanatory approaches, did not leave causality behind. Contrarily, he defended the covering-law-scheme against
unfounded criticism and showed that causality and narration can be reconciled. But Danto did not say which laws should play
a major role in historical explanations. This gap could be bridged by one of the most successful research programs in the
social sciences over the last decades, the Rational Choice approach. This approach should, however, be reduced to its basic
assumption, the presumption of subjective rationality (which principally corresponds an older hermeneutic tradition), and
be integrated into the “model of a sociological explanation” (which is very popular among European sociologists). The result
is a concept of a historical explanation that does justice to the linguistic turn (in its formulation by Willard Van Orman
Quine), to the demands of the covering-law-scheme and to the ambitions of historians to narrate and explain a historical phenomenon
at the same time. 相似文献
673.
In this longitudinal study, the authors addressed intracultural variation on fathers' interactions with their 3-month-old infants, their ideas about parental care, and the timing of their children's self-recognition at the age of 18-20 months. Participants were 24 middle-class German fathers and their firstborn children. Two behavioral clusters emerged: a more proximal parenting style with extensive body contact and a more distal parenting style with extensive object stimulation. Fathers in the distal cluster had significantly more education than did fathers in the proximal cluster. Children who had experienced more distal parenting were more likely to recognize themselves in a mirror than were children with more proximal parenting. The authors discuss the results with respect to fathers' influence on child development and patterns of intracultural variation. 相似文献
674.
Andreas Mühlberger Matthias J Wieser Ramona Kenntner-Mabiala Paul Pauli Brenda K Wiederhold 《Cyberpsychology & behavior》2007,10(4):516-522
Evidence exists that virtual worlds reduce pain perception by providing distraction. However, there is no experimental study to show that the type of world used in virtual reality (VR) distraction influences pain perception. Therefore, we investigated whether pain triggered by heat or cold stimuli is modulated by "warm "or "cold " virtual environments and whether virtual worlds reduce pain perception more than does static picture presentation. We expected that cold worlds would reduce pain perception from heat stimuli, while warm environments would reduce pain perception from cold stimuli. Additionally, both virtual worlds should reduce pain perception in general. Heat and cold pain stimuli thresholds were assessed outside VR in 48 volunteers in a balanced crossover design. Participants completed three 4-minute assessment periods: virtual "walks " through (1) a winter and (2) an autumn landscape and static exposure to (3) a neutral landscape. During each period, five heat stimuli or three cold stimuli were delivered via a thermode on the participant's arm, and affective and sensory pain perceptions were rated. Then the thermode was changed to the other arm, and the procedure was repeated with the opposite pain stimuli (heat or cold). We found that both warm and cold virtual environments reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness for heat and cold pain stimuli when compared to the control condition. Since participants wore a head-mounted display (HMD) in both the control condition and VR, we concluded that the distracting value of virtual environments is not explained solely by excluding perception of the real world. Although VR reduced pain unpleasantness, we found no difference in efficacy between the types of virtual world used for each pain stimulus. 相似文献
675.
This exploratory ethnographic investigation attempts to delve into the intrapersonal and interpersonal gender/sexual roles
and marital dynamics of Greek Cypriot (GC) male marriages to Eastern European (EE) females. European Westernization and consumerism,
with its increased attention on self-actualization, sexual fulfillment, material well-being, women’s rights, and men’s parental
and emotional involvement, has led, over the past two decades, to a reconfiguration of the traditional GC values and beliefs
concerning appropriate male and female gender/sexual roles and identities. This, in turn, has created considerable confusion
over the marital roles and expectations of GC male and female partners, who seem to be waging a difficult struggle to effectively
and efficiently combine Western European and GC traditional standards in their own families. Ethnographic analysis of a limited
sample of 20 GC males married to EE females indicate that the former prefer EE to GC wives because of better-reported emotional,
psychological, and sexual satisfaction. 相似文献
676.
Dyspnea and pain are similarly unpleasant, alarming physical sensations, but studies examining both sensations in combination
are lacking. In the present study, dyspnea was induced in 7 healthy volunteers by breathing through inspiratory resistive
loads and the effects were compared with those of a heat pain stimulus. End-tidal partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PETCO2), inspiratory time (Ti), breathing frequency (f), experienced unpleasantness, and intensity were measured. No difference was observed between dyspnea and pain in experienced
intensity and unpleasantness (p >.05). During dyspneic stimulation, slightly higherTi was found than for pain (p<.08). PETCO2 showed slight increases during the dyspneic versus the baseline and painful conditions (ΔPETCO2=1.5 and 1.3 mmHg, respectively;p<.01 andp<.05). This study shows that the effects of dyspnea and heat pain can be compared within one experiment; both stimuli can
be presented with similar intensity and unpleasantness, which is a prerequisite for comparing responses to them. The changes
in PETCO2 between our conditions were minimal, allowing an application of the present design to future fMRI studies. 相似文献
677.
Recently, De Houwer (2003) introduced the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST) as a new procedure for the indirect assessment of attitudes. In the present paper, we propose an explanation of EAST effects based on a task-set switching account. Specifically, we argue that EAST effects result from difficulties in efficiently switching between two different task sets. Results from two experiments support the assumptions of the task-set switching account: While there were strong EAST effects in task-shift trials, no robust effects were found in task-repetition trials. In Experiment 2, the robustness of this task-shift effect on the EAST was demonstrated: Visual similarity between concept and attribute stimuli did not qualify the task-shift effects. Implications for the interpretation of EAST effects are discussed. 相似文献
678.
Jana Klaus Andreas Mädebach Frank Oppermann Jörg D. Jescheniak 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(4):811-831
This study investigated to what extent advance planning during sentence production is affected by a concurrent cognitive load. In two picture–word interference experiments in which participants produced subject–verb–object sentences while ignoring auditory distractor words, we assessed advance planning at a phonological (lexeme) and at an abstract–lexical (lemma) level under visuospatial or verbal working memory (WM) load. At the phonological level, subject and object nouns were found to be activated before speech onset with concurrent visuospatial WM load, but only subject nouns were found to be activated with concurrent verbal WM load, indicating a reduced planning scope as a function of type of WM load (Experiment 1). By contrast, at the abstract–lexical level, subject and object nouns were found to be activated regardless of type of concurrent load (Experiment 2). In both experiments, sentence planning had a more detrimental effect on concurrent verbal WM task performance than on concurrent visuospatial WM task performance. Overall, our results suggest that advance planning at the phonological level is more affected by a concurrently performed verbal WM task than advance planning at the abstract–lexical level. Also, they indicate an overlap of resources allocated to phonological planning in speech production and verbal WM. 相似文献
679.
Gilles Dutilh Joachim Vandekerckhove Alexander Ly Dora Matzke Andreas Pedroni Renato Frey Jörg Rieskamp Eric-Jan Wagenmakers 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(3):713-725
People with higher IQ scores also tend to perform better on elementary cognitive-perceptual tasks, such as deciding quickly whether an arrow points to the left or the right Jensen (2006). The worst performance rule (WPR) finesses this relation by stating that the association between IQ and elementary-task performance is most pronounced when this performance is summarized by people’s slowest responses. Previous research has shown that the WPR can be accounted for in the Ratcliff diffusion model by assuming that the same ability parameter—drift rate—mediates performance in both elementary tasks and higher-level cognitive tasks. Here we aim to test four qualitative predictions concerning the WPR and its diffusion model explanation in terms of drift rate. In the first stage, the diffusion model was fit to data from 916 participants completing a perceptual two-choice task; crucially, the fitting happened after randomly shuffling the key variable, i.e., each participant’s score on a working memory capacity test. In the second stage, after all modeling decisions were made, the key variable was unshuffled and the adequacy of the predictions was evaluated by means of confirmatory Bayesian hypothesis tests. By temporarily withholding the mapping of the key predictor, we retain flexibility for proper modeling of the data (e.g., outlier exclusion) while preventing biases from unduly influencing the results. Our results provide evidence against the WPR and suggest that it may be less robust and less ubiquitous than is commonly believed. 相似文献
680.
Claudia Bassarak Margarita Leib Dorothee Mischkowski Sabrina Strang Andreas Glöckner Shaul Shalvi 《决策行为杂志》2017,30(4):964-975
When people can profit financially by lying, they do so to the extent to which they can justify their lies. One type of justification is the observation and production of desirable counterfactual information. Here, we disentangle observing and producing of desired counterfactuals and test whether the mere observation is sufficient or whether one actually needs to produce the information in order to justify lying. By employing a modified version of the Die‐Under‐Cup task, we ask participants to privately roll a die three times and to report the outcome of the first die roll (with higher values corresponding to higher payoffs). In all three conditions, participants produce (roll the die) and observe the first die roll, which is relevant for pay. We manipulate whether participants produce and observe versus only observe the second and third die roll outcomes, which are both irrelevant for pay. Results reveal that people lie to the same extent—when producing and observing the counterfactuals, and when merely observing them. It seems that merely observing counterfactual information is sufficient to allow people to use this information to justify their lies. We further test whether creativity and moral disengagement are associated with dishonesty and replicate the finding showing that unethical behavior increases with creativity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献