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941.
Andrea Bosco Giulio E. Lancioni Marta Olivetti Belardinelli Nirbhay N. Singh Mark F. O’Reilly Jeff Sigafoos 《Cognitive processing》2009,10(4):355-359
A diagnosis of vegetative state represents a serious predicament, which basically precludes/minimizes rehabilitation perspectives.
Reliability of the assessment approach in these situations is of paramount importance, but not easy to achieve. In recent
studies, a learning assessment procedure has been suggested as a supplement in the diagnostic process and assessed with eight
patients. The procedure involves an ABABCB sequence in which A represents baseline phases with no stimulation available, B
intervention phases with stimuli delivered contingently on target responses, and C a control condition. This condition involves
stimulation presented non-contingently. The patients’ ability to associate responding with environmental stimuli and thus
increase such responding during the B phases, and reduce it during the A and C phases, may be considered a sign of learning.
Learning might be viewed as representative of forms of concrete knowledge and presumably basic levels of consciousness. Preliminary
results indicate that (a) signs of learning may appear in patients with a previous diagnosis of vegetative state and (b) the
presence of those signs may require a revision of their diagnostic label and a reappraisal of their rehabilitation perspectives. 相似文献
942.
Yoon, Cole and Lee's review suggests two strategies to address elderly individuals' limitations in processing information and decision making. One is accommodation, which entails designing information processing and judgment tasks so that they are compatible with the elderly's resource limitations. The other strategy involves stimulating self-regulation. Here the premise is that elderly individuals often have the resources necessary to engage in a task, but only activate them in response to explicit directions. We discuss whether this observation reflects older individuals' inability to activate self-regulation strategies spontaneously, or their purposive rationing of their limited resources so they remain available for more profound activities. 相似文献
943.
Tiffany Kodak Andrea Clements Chris Ninness 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):839-843
Previous studies have identified a number of effective teaching procedures to increase verbal behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. However, few studies have evaluated modifications of treatment procedures when children fail to acquire communication skills. In the present investigation, a 4‐year‐old boy with autism failed to acquire unprompted mands and tacts during mand‐only and tact‐only training. Results indicated that combining echoic training with mand or tact training increased unprompted manding and tacting. 相似文献
944.
We present an experiment in which we explored the extent to which visual speech information affects learners’ ability to segment
words from a fluent speech stream. Learners were presented with a set of sentences consisting of novel words, in which the
only cues to the location of word boundaries were the transitional probabilities between syllables. They were exposed to this
language through the auditory modality only, through the visual modality only (where the learners saw the speaker producing
the sentences but did not hear anything), or through both the auditory and visual modalities. The learners were successful
at segmenting words from the speech stream under all three training conditions. These data suggest that visual speech information
has a positive effect on word segmentation performance, at least under some circumstances. 相似文献
945.
We demonstrate here that initially neutral items can acquire specific value based on their associated outcomes, and that responses of physiological systems to such previously meaningless stimuli can rapidly reflect this associative history. Each participant participated in an associative learning task in which four neutral abstract pictures were each repeatedly paired with one of four foods that varied in valence and magnitude. Over the course of learning, participants’ “liking” ratings of and preferences for each picture came to reflect the value of the food with which it was paired. The abstract pictures also elicited physiological responses characteristic of the foods with which they were paired, including changes in facial electromyography (EMG) and preferential looking. A logistic modeling procedure showed that learning parameters, such as the rate at which participants learned the values associated with the pictures, were similar across food outcomes of different value. 相似文献
946.
Shayne R. Anderson Brock W. Sumner Andrea Parady Jason Whiting Rachel Tambling 《Family process》2020,59(4):1447-1464
Parents who are engaged in protracted conflict following a divorce are often referred to coparenting therapy. Episodes of intense conflict are common during these therapy sessions and often result in coparents disengaging from the therapist while they engage in escalating conflict with each other, potentially disrupting their progress in therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify how therapists successfully re-engage clients in the session. To understand this process, 24 disengagement events (12 successful and 12 unsuccessful) from 13 cases were analyzed using a task analytic approach. The sample included coparent dyads referred by the judicial system to a high-conflict coparenting therapy program. Task analysis was used to create a model of how re-engagement unfolds in treatment. The empirical model that resulted has five phases: (1) disengagement from the therapeutic process, (2) disruption of the conflict, (3) de-escalating the most escalated coparent, (4) de-escalating the other coparent, and (5) therapist buffered re-engagement. Successful episodes of re-engagement tended to have therapists who remained active throughout the conflict episode, used structuring interventions aimed at disrupting and then regulating the most escalated partner, blocked attempts to re-engage in conflict, and then repeated this process with the less escalated partner. Additional interventions that promote therapeutic re-engagement are described for each phase, and implications for clinicians and researchers are discussed. 相似文献
947.
Myra Leifer Linda Croner Wax Laurie Leventhal-Belfer Andrea Fouchia Margie Morrison 《Infant mental health journal》1989,10(2):100-116
A quantitative single case study is presented to illustrate how an early intervention program used two therapeutic modalities to treat a depressed mother and her 2-month-old son. Drawing upon an ecological, transactional model of development, the case study utilized a multimethod, longitudinal approach to assess the infant's developmental competence and attachment status, the mother's history and current psychosocial functioning, patterns of mother-infant interaction, and components of the family's social ecology. Measures were administered during a baseline period to assess pre-intervention functioning and were systematically repeated throughout the 2-year period of intervention. The treatment modalities included psychodynamically oriented individual therapy and Parent-Infant Relationship Treatment (PIRT) in which the dyad was also seen by a second therapist to foster more adaptive mother-infant transactional patterns. The findings indicated increased infant developmental competence and a shift from an insecure to a secure attachment classification, improved maternal psychosocial functioning, and a decline in the dyadic interactional pattern of maternal intrusiveness and infant withdrawal. The advantages of using two treatment modalities and a single case approach to evaluation are discussed. 相似文献
948.
Richard J. Contrada Richard D. Ashmore Melvin L. Gary Elliot Coups Jill D. Egeth Andrea Sewell Kevin Ewell Tanya M. Goyal Valerie Chasse 《Journal of applied social psychology》2001,31(9):1775-1820
This study introduces new measures of ethnicity‐related stress and a newly adapted measure of ethnic identity. Ethnicity‐related stressors assessed in this study were perceived discrimination, stereotype confirmation concern, and own‐group conformity pressure. Ethnic identity refers to the subjective sense of ethnic group membership and, following Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), was assessed as public regard, identity centrality, and private feelings. Data for 333 undergraduates from diverse ethnic groups indicated that the measures are psychometrically sound. Ethnic group differences for mean scores demonstrated the measures’ known‐groups validity. Cross‐sectional analyses indicated that ethnicity‐related stress and identity constructs captured by the instruments are related to measures of psychological and physical well‐being. The new measures may be useful in the investigation of psychological aspects of ethnicity and their adaptive consequences. 相似文献
949.
Investing in Children, Families, and Communities: Challenges foran Interdivisional Public Policy Collaboration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrea L. Solarz 《American journal of community psychology》2001,29(1):1-14
An interdivisional collaboration to foster the development of strengths-based policies for children, youth, families, and communities is described. The initiative includes (1) producing a book that integrates scholarly research and policy; (2) developing materials for policymakers to use, including a policy-oriented summary of the book; (3) enhancing the capacities of the divisions to communicate with and influence policymakers; and (4) taking action steps to influence policymakers. During the process of developing these products, a number of tensions emerged between the academically-based and policy-based authors of the book, many of which centered around how the information should be presented and, in particular, how to formulate and present policy recommendations. Tensions fell into four general categories: understanding the appropriate scope for recommendations, using the right language, understanding the kind of information that is needed, and understanding the bottom line. The author concludes by urging psychologists to become adept at understanding and participating in the public policymaking process. 相似文献
950.
Andrea Sangiovanni 《Journal of applied philosophy》2019,36(2):212-216
Carol Gould's article offers a powerful argument against the sufficiency of informed consent in an age of surveillance capitalism. In this review, I assess the three main claims that Gould makes in her article, namely that (1) democratic control is required by the all‐affected principle; (2) democratic control is a means of ensuring that surveillance corporations and governments track public, rather than merely private, interests; and (3) democratic control is constitutive of freedom as self‐development and self‐transformation. 相似文献