Fodor defines epistemic boundedness as a condition wherein there are epistemi‐cally significant constraints on the beliefs that a mind is capable of entertaining. He discusses a type of (epistemic) boundedness wherein a hypothesis cannot be entertained because it is inexpressible in terms of the mind's stock of concepts. In addition to this semantic boundedness, I describe a number of different sources of boundedness having to do with syntactic, abductive, and implementational limitations. I also discuss the similarities and differences between individual and social limitations on our epistemic possibilities. 相似文献
In a longitudinal study, 62 parent-child dyads were seen during the second year of life and at 4 years of age. At 12 months, measures included parental sensitive responsiveness during free play, knowledge of cognitive-communicative development in infancy, and level of exploration and disinhibitedness of the infant. At 16 and at 20 months, parental responsiveness and directiveness and infant task mastery behaviour were assessed in constructive play. Quality of verbal guidance of the parent was assessed in a joint attention situation. At 48 months of age, the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered at home, together with dyadic tasks. A path analysis revealed a model in which both verbal abilities and perceptual performance outcome measures were well predicted by the quality of parental verbal guidance in the second year. The latter measure was shown to be independent of the socioeconomic status of parents in the group, but was significantly related with knowledge of infant cognitive-communicative development. Of the measures at the outset of the second year, only socioeconomic status remained as having a direct path at pre-school age. The consistency of the model with other empirical findings underscores parental verbal scaffolding as an important shaper of cognitive development. 相似文献
The Pravargya Brāhmana of the Taittiriya āranyaka: An Ancient Commentary on the Pravargya Ritual. Jan E. M. Houben, 1991 Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass xv + 147 pp., Rs.125
The Cavern Mystery Transmission: A Taoist Ordination Rite of AD 711. Asian Studies at Hawaii Series No. 38 Charles D. Benn, 1991 Honolulu, HI, University of Hawaii Press ix + 227 pp.
The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience F. J. Varela, E. Thompson & E. Rosch, 1991 Cambridge, MA, MIT Press £22.50 相似文献
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - This longitudinal study examined the presence of general (P) and specific internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) psychopathology factors in a... 相似文献
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in children and youth. Effective screening methods are needed to identify children in need of treatment. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire is a widely used tool to assess childhood anxiety. We aim toevaluate the psychometric properties of the SCARED questionnaire, test the SCARED factor structure, and evaluate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in a community sample of Finnish elementary school children, based on both a child and parent report. The sample included all pupils (n = 1,165) in grades 2 through 6 (ages 8–13) in four elementary schools in the city of Turku, Finland. Children completed a Finnish translation of the SCARED questionnaire at school, with one parent report questionnaire per child completed at home. In total, 663 child‐parent dyads (56.9%) completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency was high for both child and parent reports on all subscales (0.71–0.92), except for school avoidance (0.57 child, 0.63 parent report). Inter‐rater reliability ranged from poor to fair across subscales (intraclass correlation 0.27–0.47). Self‐reported anxiety scores were higher than the parent reported scores. Females had significantly higher total scores than males based on the child reports (p = 0.003), but not the parent reports. In the confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesized models did not have a good fit with the data, and modification was needed. The Finnish SCARED questionnaire has good internal consistency. Low child‐parent agreement calls for the importance of including both child and parental reports in the assessment of anxiety symptoms. 相似文献
This study aims to examine the impact of affective states and affective shifts on ideation and evaluation of creativity. Affects were induced by a two‐stage imagination procedure of recalling autobiographical experiences. Three periods of divergent thinking were measured to represent the participants’ creative ideation at different times. Creative evaluation was measured by estimating the originality of each response provided by the participants. The results indicate that (a) during the initial period of ideation, groups with positive affect obtain better creative ideation than the groups with neutral or negative affect. (b) The ideation in positive affect groups gradually decreases over time, while the ideation in negative affect groups gradually increases over time. (c) During the evaluation of originality, groups with negative affect have a higher proportion of over‐estimates and a lower proportion of under‐estimates than groups with positive affect. The viewpoints of cognitive tuning theory, which posit that the affective state influences creativity, are supported. 相似文献
The law requires criminal guilt to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. There are two different approaches to construing this legal rule. On an epistemic approach, the rule is construed in terms of justified belief or knowledge; on a probabilistic approach, the rule is construed in terms of satisfying a probabilistic threshold. An epistemic construction of the rule has this advantage over a probabilistic construction: the former can while the latter cannot excuse the state from blame for a false conviction. This claim rests on an understanding of legal rules, legal justification for a finding of guilt and the central purpose of a criminal trial. 相似文献
I consider backtracking reasoning: that is, reasoning from backtracking counterfactuals such as if Hitler had won the war,
he would have invaded Russia six weeks earlier. Backtracking counterfactuals often strike us as true. Despite that, reasoning
from them just as often strikes us as illegitimate. A number of diagnoses have been offered of the illegitimacy of such backtracking
reasoning which invoke the fixity of the past, or the direction of causation. I argue against such diagnoses, and in favor
of one that invokes a principle I call the fixity of reasons. Backtracking reasoning violates the fixity of reasons. But,
the fixity of reasons is a principle that must be observed in order to engage in practical reasoning at all. 相似文献