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921.
In this study, we analyzed the validity of the conventional 80% power. The minimal sample size and power needed to guarantee non-overlapping (1-alpha)% confidence intervals for population means were calculated. Several simulations indicate that the minimal power for two means (m = 2) to have non-overlapping CIs is .80, for (1-alpha) set to 95%. The minimal power becomes .86 for 99% CIs and .75 for 90% CIs. When multiple means are considered, the required minimal power increases considerably. This increase is even higher when the population means do not increase monotonically. Therefore, the often adopted criterion of a minimal power equal to .80 is not always adequate. Hence, to guarantee that the limits of the CIs do not overlap, most situations require a direct calculation of the minimum number of observations that should enter in a study. 相似文献
922.
Several studies have shown that anti-saccades, more than pro-saccades, are executed under executive control. It is argued that executive control subsumes a variety of controlled processes. The present study tested whether some of these underlying processes are involved in the execution of anti-saccades. An experiment is reported in which two such processes were parametrically varied, namely input monitoring and response selection. This resulted in four selective interference conditions obtained by factorially combining the degree of input monitoring and the presence of response selection in the interference task. The four tasks were combined with a primary task which required the participants to perform either pro-saccades or anti-saccades. By comparison of performance in these dual-task conditions and performance in single-task conditions, it was shown that anti-saccades, but not pro-saccades, were delayed when the secondary task required input monitoring or response selection. The results are discussed with respect to theoretical attempts to deconstruct the concept of executive control. 相似文献
923.
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of practice on strategy selection and strategy efficiency in mental arithmetic. Participants had to solve simple addition or multiplication problems, after having received 0, 3, or 6 practice sessions (Experiment 1), and before and after having received 3 practice sessions (Experiment 2). Strategy selection was measured by means of trial-by-trial strategy reports, whereas strategy efficiency was measured by means of response latencies. Results showed significant practice effects on retrieval frequency, procedural frequency, retrieval efficiency, and procedural efficiency. However, practice effects on strategy efficiency appeared to be both strategy-specific (i.e., only for procedural strategies) and operation-specific (i.e., only for multiplication problems). Implications of the present results for mathematic cognition and its modeling are discussed. 相似文献
924.
Joan S Tucker José Felipe Martínez Phyllis L Ellickson Maria Orlando Edelen 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(1):1-11
This study examined the temporal associations of cigarette smoking with prosmoking social influences, academic performance, and delinquency in a cohort of 6,527 adolescents surveyed at ages 13, 16, 18, and 23 years. Prosmoking peer and family influences were risk factors for future smoking throughout adolescence, with family influences perhaps also operating indirectly through the adolescent's exposure to prosmoking peers. There were reciprocal associations of youth smoking with parental approval, peer smoking, and poor grades (but not delinquency), with youth smoking emerging as a stronger antecedent than consequence of these psychosocial factors. Few gender differences in these associations were observed. Implications of these findings for efforts to prevent youth smoking are discussed. 相似文献
925.
András Karácsony 《Studies in East European Thought》2008,60(1-2):97-111
This essay discusses a less known period of Karl Mannheim’s life, namely the period he spent in Hungary. I attempt to point out that the career of the young Mannheim, starting from a philosophical interest and continuing with a sociological one, is continuous. His first published works and letters prove that in the period preceding his emigration to Germany in 1919 he was concerned with questions that received their mature form in his sociology of knowledge. They include primarily the question of culture, that of perspective-boundedness (relativity) of cognition, interpretation and the problem of intellectuals. Despite changing disciplines from philosophy to sociology, the continuity of his oeuvre can be shown. 相似文献
926.
This article presents a classification method that makes possible the detection of important decision strategies that people use in nonrisky multiattribute decision tasks. The classification method incorporates a multimethod approach that combines elements of both structural modeling and process tracing. We begin with a discussion of nine common characteristics of decision strategies and then classify 13 decision strategies on the basis of these characteristics. Next, we demonstrate that six of the characteristics can be used to develop one outcome-based and three process-based metrics. In addition, we present an algorithm that shows how to use the metrics. We demonstrate that using our metrics in conjunction with a measure for direction of search allows identification of most of the 13 decision strategies. Finally, we outline the potential of our research for the design of decision support systems such as online shops. 相似文献
927.
Isabel L. Silva José Pais-Ribeiro Helena Cardoso 《Applied research in quality of life》2008,3(2):127-136
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in general health status and quality of life between patients who
present “non-normative eating behaviours” (namely, binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome, sweet /fat food cravings
and continuous nibbling) and patients without these eating behaviour characteristics. A cohort of 168 women with obesity,
all candidates to bariatric surgery, aged between 15 and 65 (M = 39.04; SD = 10.86), with a body mass index ranging between
30.37 and 80.65 (M = 48.79; SD = 8.37), was studied. Participants answered to a clinical interview, to SF-36 and to ORWELL-97,
after their informed consent. Results suggest that women with obesity reporting binge eating disorder, night eating syndrome
and continuous nibbling show poorer general health status and worst quality of life than those who do not present these “non-normative
eating behaviours”. Moreover, the general health status and the quality of life of patients with sweet/fat food cravings do
not differ from those who do not report this eating behaviour. Nevertheless, patients reporting the eating behaviours studied
do not differ from the others regarding their body mass index. 相似文献
928.
The paper presents the main ideas of Ultrafilter Logic (UL), as introduced by Veloso and others. A new proposal, Normality
Logic (NL), is outlined for expanding the expressive power of UL. The system NL appears to offer a simpler solution to the
problem of expressive power than the sorting strategy of Carnielli and Veloso. Interpretations of NL are discussed and an
important point of contact to Hansson's notion of non-prioritized belief revision is observed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
929.
Miguel José Paley 《Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology》2017,48(4):304-318
This paper presents the influence that Bergson’s theory of subjectivity had on Lévinas. We start by examining Bergson’s “centripetal theory of mind.” Considering the relationship between perception and action, Bergson develops an understanding of subjectivity as a process that unifies disparate perceptions. Guided by the body, this unifying principle is deemed affective. This being done, we then present a contradiction in Bergson’s thinking: While humans are described as different in kind from other animals, the framework used to determine the nature of their world remains unchanged. Bergson never fully embraced the centripetal theory. We then turn to Lévinas and compare his critiques of Bergson and Heidegger. Lévinas believes that both instrumentalize desire, and that a philosophy of subjectivity can only escape this problem by radically embracing the affective nature of Bergson’s centripetal theory. The latter accounts for the place of Lévinas’ phenomenology of enjoyment. 相似文献
930.
Building Alliances with (In)Voluntary Clients: A Study Focused on Therapists’ Observable Behaviors 下载免费PDF全文
Luciana Sotero Diana Cunha José Tomás da Silva Valentín Escudero Ana Paula Relvas 《Family process》2017,56(4):819-834
This study aimed to compare therapists’ observable behaviors to promote alliances with involuntary and voluntary clients during brief family therapy. The therapists’ contributions to fostering alliances were rated in sessions 1 and 4 using videotapes of 29 families who were observed in brief therapy. Using the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances, trained raters searched for specific therapist behaviors that contributed to or detracted from the four alliance dimensions: engagement in the therapeutic process, an emotional connection with the therapist, safety within the therapeutic system, and a shared sense of purpose within the family. The results showed that when working with involuntary clients, therapists presented more behaviors to foster the clients’ engagement and to promote a shared sense of purpose within the family. However, in the fourth session, the therapists in both groups contributed to the alliance in similar ways. The results are discussed in terms of (a) the therapists’ alliance‐building behaviors, (b) the specificities of each client group, and (c) the implications for clinical practice, training, and research. 相似文献