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941.
Olson IR Chun MM Anderson AK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(5):1116-1123
The authors tested whether the attentional blink (AB), a deficit in the ability to report a second target appearing within half a second of a first target, may reflect limitations for consolidating visual stimuli into working memory and awareness. Previous research has shown that people are severely limited in the rate that they can identify and report visual events presented in rapid succession. Word length was examined, a variable known to affect verbal working memory. Experiment 1 showed that the AB was modulated by the phonological length of the first target. Phonologically longer pseudowords triggered larger blink deficits. Experiment 2 also demonstrated the word-length effect on the AB using real-world stimuli, anagrams, that controlled for low-level visual differences between conditions. These data support proposals that the AB reflects a difficulty in consolidating information into working memory. 相似文献
942.
The psychology of doing nothing: forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Anderson CJ 《Psychological bulletin》2003,129(1):139-167
Several independent lines of research bear on the question of why individuals avoid decisions by postponing them, failing to act, or accepting the status quo. This review relates findings across several different disciplines and uncovers 4 decision avoidance effects that offer insight into this common but troubling behavior: choice deferral, status quo bias, omission bias, and inaction inertia. These findings are related by common antecedents and consequences in a rational-emotional model of the factors that predispose humans to do nothing. Prominent components of the model include cost-benefit calculations, anticipated regret, and selection difficulty. Other factors affecting decision avoidance through these key components, such as anticipatory negative emotions, decision strategies, counterfactual thinking, and preference uncertainty, are also discussed. 相似文献
943.
Anna Zilberberg Sara J. Finney Kimberly R. Marsh Robin D. Anderson 《International Journal of Testing》2014,14(4):360-384
Given worldwide prevalence of low-stakes testing for monitoring educational quality and students’ progress through school (e.g., Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Program for International Student Assessment), interpretability of resulting test scores is of global concern. The nonconsequential nature of low-stakes tests can undermine students’ test-taking motivation, artificially deflating performance and thus jeopardizing validity of test-based inferences, whether they pertain to programs, institutions, or nations (Eklöf, 2007, 2010; Stanat & Lüdtke, 2013; Wise & DeMars, 2005). Moreover, students in countries such as the United States, where academic progress over the course of K–12 (kindergarten through Grade 12) is systematically assessed, are likely to develop antagonistic attitudes toward low-stakes testing by the time they enter college. The relationship between such attitudes, test-taking motivation, and performance on a low-stakes university accountability test was modeled via path analysis. Results indicated the effects of attitudes were indirect (via test-taking motivation) and minimal, suggesting the influence of attitudes on test performance is negligible, further supporting the validity of inferences made from such low-stakes tests. Implications for international assessment are discussed. 相似文献
944.
945.
Craig A. Anderson Nicholas L. Carnagey 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):731-739
Three experiments examined the impact of excessive violence in sport video games on aggression-related variables. Participants played either a nonviolent simulation-based sports video game (baseball or football) or a matched excessively violent sports video game. Participants then completed measures assessing aggressive cognitions (Experiment 1), aggressive affect and attitudes towards violence in sports (Experiment 2), or aggressive behavior (Experiment 3). Playing an excessively violent sports video game increased aggressive affect, aggressive cognition, aggressive behavior, and attitudes towards violence in sports. Because all games were competitive, these findings indicate that violent content uniquely leads to increases in several aggression-related variables, as predicted by the General Aggression Model and related social-cognitive models. 相似文献
946.
Cline GD Schwartz DD Axelrad ME Anderson B 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(4):416-422
The primary aims of this exploratory study were to determine the rate of occurrence of acute stress disorder (ASD) in children
newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes and their parents, to examine relationships with demographic and psychosocial factors,
and to examine the relationships between ASD symptom clusters and early adherence behavior (clinic attendance). The sample
consisted of 102 parents of children ages 0–17 years and 40 youth ages 11–17 who were evaluated within three days of diabetes
diagnosis. Eighteen percent of parents and 17% of youth reported subthreshold symptoms of ASD. Acute stress symptoms and demographic
variables predicted clinic attendance, with a differential pattern evident in the responses of youth and their parents. These
findings reinforce the importance of screening symptoms of ASD in youth with newly diagnosed diabetes and their parents to
assist in identifying families who may be in need of additional support. 相似文献
947.
Xiao L Bechara A Palmer PH Trinidad DR Wei Y Jia Y Johnson CA 《Personality and individual differences》2011,51(3):285-292
The goal of this study was to investigate how parents’ engagement of their child in everyday decision-making influenced their adolescent’s development on two neuropsychological functions, namely, affective decision-making and working memory, and its effect on adolescent binge-drinking behavior.We conducted a longitudinal study of 192 Chinese adolescents. In 10th grade, the adolescents were tested for their affective decision-making ability using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and working memory capacity using the Self-ordered Pointing Test (SOPT). Questionnaires were used to assess perceived parent-child engagement in decision-making, academic performance and drinking behavior. At one-year follow-up, the same neuropsychological tasks and questionnaires were repeated.Results indicate that working memory and academic performance were uninfluenced by parent-child engagement in decision-making. However, compared to adolescents whose parents made solitary decisions for them, adolescents engaged in everyday decision-making showed significant improvement on affective decision capacity and significantly less binge-drinking one year later.These findings suggest that parental engagement of children in everyday decision-making might foster the development of neurocognitive functioning relative to affective decision-making and reduce adolescent substance use behaviors. 相似文献
948.
A well-known eye movement paradigm combines saccades (fast eye movements) with a perceptual discrimination task. At a variable
time after the onset of a central arrow cue indicating the target direction [the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)], discrimination
symbols appear briefly at saccade target and non-target locations. A previous study revealed an unexpected effect of SOA on
saccadic latencies: latencies were longer in trials with longer SOAs. It was suggested that this effect reflects a top-down
process as observers may wait for the discrimination symbol to appear before executing saccades. However, symbol onsets may
also modulate saccade latencies from the bottom-up. To clarify the origin of the SOA effect on latencies in this paradigm,
we used a simplified version of the original task plus two new symbol onset conditions for comparison. The results indicate
that the modulation of saccadic latencies was not due to a top-down strategy, but to a combination of two opposing bottom-up
effects: the symbol onsets at the target location shortened saccade latencies, while symbol onsets at non-target locations
lengthened saccade latencies. 相似文献
949.
This article describes the development of the Therapist Use-of-Self Orientation Questionnaire (TUSO-Q), an instrument designed
to measure therapists’ use-of-self orientations while working with clients. A total of 373 therapists participated in this
study. Exploratory factor analysis in the structural equation modeling context revealed three different therapist use-of-self
orientations: Transpersonal, Contextual, and Instrumental. The final model provided an excellent fit to the data. TUSO-Q scores
exhibited satisfactory evidence of internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Implications for the scale’s use
in clinical research and training are discussed. 相似文献
950.
Elective cosmetic surgeries are increasing in the American population with reasons linked to body image disturbance and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Little research exists documenting the continuum of body image disturbance and its relationship to seeking surgery. The present research examined data from 544 participants, 55 of whom were diagnosable with BDD. Using assessments for body image disturbance, problematic coping strategies, and BDD symptomatology, results provided evidence for a continuum of body image distress. Logistic regression analysis supported the hypothesis that increased levels of body image disturbance and one type of problematic coping strategy (Appearance Fixing) predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery. Of participants diagnosable with BDD, those who considered cosmetic surgery showed more severe body image disturbance and problematic coping than those who did not consider surgery. These results have implications for pre-surgical assessment as well as psychological interventions rather than invasive medical interventions. 相似文献