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231.
Klaus B. Bærentsen Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen Bo Sommerlund Tue Hartmann Johannes Damsgaard-Madsen Mark Fosnæs Anders C. Green 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(1):57-84
Meditation is an ancient spiritual practice, which aims to still the fluctuations of the mind. We investigated meditation with fMRI in order to identify and characterise both the “neural switch” mechanism used in the
voluntary shift from normal consciousness to meditation and the “threshold regulation mechanism” sustaining the meditative
state. Thirty-one individuals with 1.5–25 years experience in meditation were scanned using a blocked on–off design with 45 s
alternating epochs during the onset of respectively meditation and normal relaxation. Additionally, 21 subjects were scanned
during 14.5 min of sustained meditation. The data were analysed with SPM and ICA. During the onset of meditation, activations
were found bilaterally in the putamen and the supplementary motor cortex, while deactivations were found predominately in
the right hemisphere, the precuneus, the posterior cingulum and the parieto–temporal area. During sustained meditation, SPM
analysis revealed activation in the head of nucleus caudatus. Extensive deactivations were observed in white matter in the
right hemisphere, i.e. mainly in the posterior occipito–parieto–temporal area and in the frontal lobes. ICA identified 38
components including known baseline-resting state components, one of which not only overlaps with the activated area revealed
in the SPM analysis but extends further into frontal, temporal, parietal and limbic areas, and might presumably constitute
a combination of frontoparietal and cinguloopercular task control systems. The identified component processes display varying
degrees of correlation. We hypothesise that a proper characterisation of brain processes during meditation will require an
operational definition of brain dynamics matching a stable state of mind. 相似文献
232.
Leif A. Strmwall Lina Bengtsson Lina Leander Pr Anders Granhag 《Applied cognitive psychology》2004,18(6):653-668
This study examined the extent to which the Criteria‐based Content Analysis (CBCA) technique and the Reality Monitoring (RM) technique were affected by the number of times children had experienced or imagined an event. Children (age 10–13, N =87 ) participated in an experiment where half the sample experienced a health examination (either one or four times), and the other half imagined (either one or four times) that they took part in a health examination. One week after the final occasion, the children were interviewed. The results showed that RM was sensitive to both the authenticity of the statements (increased presence of the criteria for real events) and whether the event had been repeatedly experienced/imagined (increased presence of the criteria for the repeated actions). The CBCA did not successfully distinguish the real from the imagined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
233.
Most studies investigating how the Cognitive Interview affects children's recall have employed short retention intervals (a week or less). In our study children (10–11 years old) saw a film picturing an extraordinary performance by a professional fakir. Half of the children were interviewed after seven days (n = 24) and the other half after six months (n = 25). At each test session, half were interviewed according to the Cognitive Interview (CI), and half according to the Structured Interview (SI). We found that: (a) the children in the CI condition recalled significantly more correct information than the children in the SI condition (both after seven days and after six months), and (b) the children interviewed after seven days recalled significantly more correct information, and less confabulations, compared to the children interviewed after six months. The results suggest that the CI can be used as an investigative tool both after short and long retention intervals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
234.
Carl Martin Allwood Anna‐Carin Jonsson Pr Anders Granhag 《Applied cognitive psychology》2005,19(3):331-344
This study investigated the effect of feedback on the accuracy (realism) of 12‐year‐old children's metacognitive judgments of their answers to questions about a film clip. Two types of judgments were investigated: confidence judgments (on each question) and frequency judgments (i.e. estimates of overall accuracy). The source of feedback, whether it was presented as provided by a teacher or a peer child, did not influence metacognitive accuracy. Four types of feedback were given depending on whether the participant's answer was correct and depending on whether the feedback confirmed or disconfirmed the child's answer. The children showed large overconfidence when they received confirmatory feedback but much less so when they received disconfirmatory feedback. The children gave frequency judgments implying that they had more correct answers than they actually had. No main gender differences were found for any of the measures. The results indicate a high degree of malleability in children's metacognitive judgments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
235.
Arve E Asbj?rnsen John E Obrzut Carol A Boliek Erna Myking Anders Holmefjord Sigvor Reisaeter Olav Klausen Per M?ller 《Child neuropsychology》2005,11(2):121-133
The present study investigated auditory attention skills in a sample of children with non-chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Twenty children with repeated episodes of OME but not found in the need for myringotomy and insertion of ventilating tubes were compared to 20 control children with no known episodes of OME based on parental reports and medical records. Mean age during assessment was 9 years, and none of the children showed signs of impaired language functions and with normal general cognitive abilities. They were assessed with dichotic listening CV-syllables (DLCV-108) free recall and directed attention tasks. The control children showed the expected right ear advantage during free recall and the directed right condition, and demonstrated a shift toward a left ear advantage during the directed left. The children with a history of OME showed a predominant right ear advantage across all three tasks. Although some change in ear accuracy occurred across tasks, impaired auditory attention skills were found following a history of middle ear infections. These results replicate those reported earlier from a sample of children with persistent otitis media with effusion, and suggest that treatment with ventilating tubes does not appear to make any difference in the development of auditory attention skills, whereas occurrence of OME must be considered when testing auditory attentional skills as a part of a neuropsychological assessment. 相似文献
236.
Haneen Deeb Pär Anders Granhag Aldert Vrij Leif A. Strömwall Lorraine Hope Samantha Mann 《Applied cognitive psychology》2018,32(1):105-116
This study examines counter‐interrogation strategies employed by liars giving false alibis. Participants (N = 144) visited a restaurant to buy a sandwich (truth‐tellers) or to use it as a false alibi (liars). Half of the liars were informed they might be asked for a drawing of the alibi setting if interviewed (informed liars). Participants spent either 10 min (high familiarity condition) or 30 s (low familiarity condition) in the restaurant. All participants were asked to provide two visuospatial statements, which were assessed for salient details, nonsalient details, between‐statement consistency, and statement‐alibi setting consistency. Informed liars provided significantly more salient and nonsalient details than uninformed liars and truth‐tellers, particularly in the high familiarity condition. No differences emerged for statement consistency types. The results suggest that liars are more concerned than truth‐tellers about making a positive impression on the interviewer, and they fail to accurately reflect on truth‐tellers' visuospatial statements. 相似文献
237.
238.
Research on probability judgment has traditionally emphasized that people are susceptible to biases because they rely on “variable substitution”: the assessment of normative variables is replaced by assessment of heuristic, subjective variables. A recent proposal is that many of these biases may rather derive from constraints on cognitive integration, where the capacity-limited and sequential nature of controlled judgment promotes linear additive integration, in contrast to many integration rules of probability theory (Juslin, Nilsson, & Winman, 2009). A key implication by this theory is that it should be possible to improve peoples’ probabilistic reasoning by changing probability problems into logarithm formats that require additive rather than multiplicative integration. Three experiments demonstrate that recasting tasks in a way that allows people to arrive at the answers by additive integration decreases cognitive biases, and while people can rapidly learn to produce the correct answers in an additive formats, they have great difficulty doing so with a multiplicative format. 相似文献
239.
240.