推理与决策的双加工理论研究简评

决策与推理的双加工理论是一个颇有影响力的理论,通过对两个加工系统的基本特点、区别点以及基本关系、推理错误原因等几个方面进行分析阐述,发现目前在该理论的一些基本问题的认识上还存在诸多问题。主要表现在以下几方面：（1）两个加工系统的关键区别点不在于工作记忆有无绝对参与;（2）对于推理和决策错误的原因,不同的双加工理论给出了不一致的解释;（3）今后有待从情绪与推理决策的关系、影响等方面加深对推理与决策错误的理解     

Memory for words location in writing

In two experiments, we investigated memory for words location after writing a text. Experiment 1 demonstrated the existence of a memory for words location in writing by showing that participants who first composed a text and were then asked to locate words extracted from their text performed above a chance level established using a computer simulation, and better than participants who did not compose a text but were told the subject of the text. Experiment 2 showed that memory for words location in writing is mainly supported by a visuospatial representation of the text, as indicated by the lower recall of words location by participants who performed a visuospatial concurrent task at the time of the composition, compared with participants who performed a verbal concurrent task. The findings highlight the role of a spatial representation of the physical layout of the text and the role of such a memory in the writing process.

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Conflicting but close: Readers’ integration of information sources as a function of their disagreement

According to the documents model framework (Britt, Perfetti, Sandak, & Rouet, 1999), readers’ detection of contradictions within texts increases their integration of source–content links (i.e., who says what). This study examines whether conflict may also strengthen the relationship between the respective sources. In two experiments, participants read brief news reports containing two critical statements attributed to different sources. In half of the reports, the statements were consistent with each other, whereas in the other half they were discrepant. Participants were tested for source memory and source integration in an immediate item-recognition task (Experiment 1) and a cued recall task (Experiments 1 and 2). In both experiments, discrepancies increased readers’ memory for sources. We found that discrepant sources enhanced retrieval of the other source compared to consistent sources (using a delayed recall measure; Experiments 1 and 2). However, discrepant sources failed to prime the other source as evidenced in an online recognition measure (Experiment 1). We argue that discrepancies promoted the construction of links between sources, but that integration did not take place during reading.     

Exploring possible mechanisms of change in family‐based treatment for adolescent bulimia nervosa

Objective: Mediators of treatment for family‐based treatment are explored for outcomes among adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN). Method: Using data from a recently completed randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing family‐based treatment (FBT) to supportive psychotherapy (SPT) we examined possible mediators of treatment outcome. Results: Results suggest that FBT‐BN was more effective than SPT in producing remission by virtue of achieving greater reductions in eating disorder psychopathology by mid‐treatment. Specifically, reductions in cognitions related to BN as assessed by the EDE appeared to be the differentiating mechanism. Conclusion: It is reasonable to hypothesize that change in the EDE subscales mediates outcome for FBT‐BN. Future studies with sufficient power to examine this possibility as an a priori hypothesis would help to better understand how FBT‐BN works and may also help to guide future treatment refinement and development.     

Location, Location, Location: Where Do Immigrants Reside in Australia?

Concentration of immigrants in a particular area has important implications for the provision of social services and the local labor market. This paper examines the location choice of immigrants in five major statistical regions in Australia using the 2001 Census of Population and Housing. The paper focuses on differences in location choice across birthplace groups and cohort arrivals. The results show that immigrants from the UK are less likely to reside in larger cities (e.g., Sydney, Melbourne) compared to immigrants from other birthplace groups, particularly those from non-English-speaking countries. Ethnic concentration has a positive effect on immigrants’ location choice, and this is consistent across arrival cohorts. Furthermore, all immigrants are attracted to a particular location with high concentration of poor English-speaking immigrants or concentration of young individuals. However, immigrants are not attracted to a particular location with concentration of individuals who have not completed high school.     

消极的与积极的:谎言的区分及其道德意义 ——兼论如何理解康德的谎言禁令

康德谎言禁令认为任何时候都必须诚实,甚至在面对凶犯询问朋友藏身之处时也不能说假话,这引发了激烈争议。谎言的道德价值与说谎者的情境地位有本质关联:主动的、以骗取信任来获取利益的谎言是积极谎言,是谎言禁令所严格禁止的;被动的、避免伤害的谎言是消极谎言。消极谎言可以分为面对灾祸的与面对邪恶的两种情境。面对灾祸的谎言是善意谎言,出自避免伤害的动机;面对邪恶的被迫谎言不属于“蓄意的不真实”,而是严格意义的“被迫的不真实”;这不是为谎言辩护,而是为处于邪恶的逼迫之情境中弱者或受害者的生存权辩护。上述概念与真实的背离,是康德谎言禁令产生道德困惑与理论争议的根本原因。     

A case of behavioral heterosis in mice: quantitative and qualitative aspects of performance in a water-escape task.

Fourteen hundred and four mice from two inbred strains (Balb/c and C57BL/6), F1, F2, and backcrosses were subjected to four trials in a water-escape task and to a swimming test. Detailed analysis of mice behavior in these situations showed that the "F1 hybrid vigor" affected behavioral characters not directly related to physical vigor but of potential adaptive value. Their superiority was mainly due to more frequent adoption of an efficient behavioral tactic (direct or edge escape paths toward the exit) and more rapid progress with experience in this respect than other generations exhibited. These results clearly show that heterosis is not limited to physical vigor but may extend to behavioral and even psychological characters.