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Recent work on perceptual learning shows that listeners' phonemic representations dynamically adjust to reflect the speech they hear (Norris, McQueen, & Cutler, 2003). We investigate how the perceptual system makes such adjustments, and what (if anything) causes the representations to return to their pre-perceptual learning settings. Listeners are exposed to a speaker whose pronunciation of a particular sound (either /s/ or /integral/) is ambiguous (e.g., halfway between /s/ and /integral/). After exposure, participants are tested for perceptual learning on two continua that range from /s/ to /integral/, one in the Same voice they heard during exposure, and one in a Different voice. To assess how representations revert to their prior settings, half of Experiment 1's participants were tested immediately after exposure; the other half performed a 25-min silent intervening task. The perceptual learning effect was actually larger after such a delay, indicating that simply allowing time to pass does not cause learning to fade. The remaining experiments investigate different ways that the system might unlearn a person's pronunciations: listeners hear the Same or a Different speaker for 25 min with either: no relevant (i.e., 'good') /s/ or /integral/ input (Experiment 2), one of the relevant inputs (Experiment 3), or both relevant inputs (Experiment 4). The results support a view of phonemic representations as dynamic and flexible, and suggest that they interact with both higher- (e.g., lexical) and lower-level (e.g., acoustic) information in important ways. 相似文献
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Tanya Menon Jessica Sim Jeanne Ho-Ying Fu Chi-yue Chiu Ying-yi Hong 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2010
Research suggests that power triggers assertive action. However, people from different cultures might expect different types of action from powerful individuals such as leaders. In comparing cultural differences in leadership imagery, we find that Americans represent leaders standing ahead of groups, whereas Asians also represent leaders behind groups. We propose that front versus back positions embody two faces of leader action: individual assertion versus group-focused action. Studies 1a and 1b respectively employed etic and emic methods to demonstrate that Singaporeans were more likely than Americans to represent leaders behind groups. In Study 2, Singaporeans evaluated back leaders more favorably than Americans did, and group focus mediated cultural differences. Simulating the conditions under which cultural differences arise, Study 3 demonstrates that a primarily Western managerial sample primed with threat (versus opportunity) preferred back leaders. By describing cultural variations in imagery, we reveal more nuanced implicit theories of leader action. 相似文献
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Joseph F. McGuire Daniel A. Geller Tanya K. Murphy Brent J. Small Arianna Unger Sabine Wilhelm Eric A. Storch 《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(2):314-324
This study examined benchmarks of treatment response and clinical remission on the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI-CV) for youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants were 91 youth who enrolled in a randomized controlled trial that examined the benefit of augmenting cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) with either d-cycloserine or placebo. Youth completed the OCI-CV at baseline, Week 4 (prior to initiating exposure therapy), and posttreatment. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses examined optimal benchmarks for treatment response and clinical remission as identified by independent evaluators at the posttreatment assessment using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scales of Improvement (CGI-Improvement), Severity (CGI-Severity), and Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS). Optimal benchmarks for treatment response were a 20%–25% reduction in the OCI-CV total score. Meanwhile, optimal benchmarks for remission were a 55%–65% reduction in the OCI-CV total score and a posttreatment total score ≤ 6-8. OCI-CV benchmarks exhibited moderate agreement with the CY-BOCS for treatment response and clinical remission. Meanwhile, fair agreement was observed for response and remission with CGI scales. A lower pretreatment OCI-CV total score was associated with less agreement between classification approaches. Findings provide benchmarks for classifying treatment response and clinical remission in an efficient manner. Given the moderate agreement between the CY-BOCS and OCI-CV benchmarks, the OCI-CV may serve as a useful alternative when clinician-rated scales cannot be administered due to limited resources (e.g., time, training). Thus, evidence-based measurement can be incorporated to monitor therapeutic response and remission in clinical practice. 相似文献
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Joseph P. H. McNamara Adam M. Reid Amanda M. Balkhi Regina Bussing Eric A. Storch Tanya K. Murphy Paulo A. Graziano Andrew G. Guzick Gary R. Geffken 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2014,36(3):432-442
The intersection of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and executive functioning (EF) in children and adolescents is an emerging topic in the current literature. Spurred by the consistent association between increased EF deficits and higher adult obsessive-compulsive severity, a few initial studies have replicated this relationship in pediatric OCD samples and also have found preliminary evidence that EF deficits are associated with worse response to first-line psychotherapeutic or psychopharmacological treatments for pediatric OCD. This study aimed to extend the literature by providing the first comprehensive investigation of how multiple EF domains, measured repeatedly over the course of treatment, impact pediatric obsessive-compulsive severity and response to multimodal treatment. Multi-level modeling results found that deficits in shifting, inhibition, emotional control, planning/organizing, monitoring and initiating all predicted higher average obsessive compulsive severity across treatment. Interestingly, out of the eight domains of EF investigated, only emotional control moderated treatment outcome such that those with worse emotional control experienced less of a reduction in obsessive-compulsive severity during treatment. The findings generally align with previous theories for the link between EF and OCD and indicate that emotional control has important implications in the treatment of pediatric OCD. In fact, emotional control may provide one explanation for why factors such as disgust sensitivity, oppositional behavior, and third-wave behavioral treatment techniques have all been linked to pediatric OCD treatment outcome. Future research should investigate augmentation strategies that target emotional control in children and adolescents. 相似文献
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Our qualitative literature review of 31 published studies found that (a) three major approaches are used in early childhood classrooms to support children's vocabulary learning—exposing children to advanced words, providing direct word-meaning instruction, and employing mixed-method interventions; (b) these practices support children's learning of targeted vocabulary words and/or general vocabulary knowledge gains, but various methods have differential impacts on children's depth of word knowledge; and (c) theme-based multimethod interventions are the most likely approach to close the gap. Based on these findings, we suggest future research directions and discuss implications for classroom practice. 相似文献
230.
Marsiglia FF Yabiku ST Kulis S Nieri T Parsai M Becerra D 《The Journal of early adolescence》2011,31(2):271-299
This article examined the impact of linguistic acculturation and gender on the substance use initiation of a sample of 1,473 Mexican heritage preadolescents attending 30 public schools in Phoenix, Arizona. It was hypothesized that linguistic acculturation operates differently as a risk or protective factor for young children than for older youth. The study used discrete-time event history methods to model the rate at which nonusing children initiate substance use. Alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, and inhalants were studied separately while inhalant use was examined more closely. Results suggested that while linguistic acculturation is a risk factor for Mexican heritage preadolescents, this association depended on gender, the linguistic acculturation context (family, friends, or media), and the type of substance. For inhalants, higher linguistic acculturation with friends was inversely associated with drug initiation both for boys and girls. Implications for preventive science and future intervention research are discussed. 相似文献