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231.
Holding an intention often interferes with other ongoing activities, indicating that resource-demanding processes are involved
in maintaining the intention and noticing the appropriate event to fulfill it. Little is known, however, about the nature
of the processes underlying this task interference effect. The goal of the present research was to decompose the processes
contributing to the task interference effect by applying the diffusion model (Ratcliff, Psychological Review 85:59–108, 1978) to an event-based prospective memory task. In the first experiment, we validated the interpretation of the response criterion
parameter (a) of the diffusion model as reflecting strategies to cope with the anticipated demands of a prospective memory task in the
context of the ongoing task. The second experiment served to investigate which underlying processes contribute to the task
interference often found with prospective memory tasks. Diffusion model analyses revealed that the task interference effect
was due to (1) less efficient processing in the more demanding than in the less demanding prospective memory task and (2)
a more conservative response criterion. We suggest that the anticipated demands and the additional processing demands of the
prospective memory task jointly contribute to the task interference effect. 相似文献
232.
How a hobby can shape cognition: visual word recognition in competitive Scrabble players 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Competitive Scrabble is an activity that involves extraordinary word recognition experience. We investigated whether that
experience is associated with exceptional behavior in the laboratory in a classic visual word recognition paradigm: the lexical
decision task (LDT). We used a version of the LDT that involved horizontal and vertical presentation and a concreteness manipulation.
In Experiment 1, we presented this task to a group of undergraduates, as these participants are the typical sample in word recognition studies.
In Experiment 2, we compared the performance of a group of competitive Scrabble players with a group of age-matched nonexpert control participants.
The results of a series of cognitive assessments showed that the Scrabble players and control participants differed only in
Scrabble-specific skills (e.g., anagramming). Scrabble expertise was associated with two specific effects (as compared to
controls): vertical fluency (relatively less difficulty judging lexicality for words presented in the vertical orientation)
and semantic deemphasis (smaller concreteness effects for word responses). These results suggest that visual word recognition
is shaped by experience, and that with experience there are efficiencies to be had even in the adult word recognition system. 相似文献
233.
In this report, we examine whether and how altered aspects of perception and attention near the hands affect one’s learning
of to-be-remembered visual material. We employed the contextual cuing paradigm of visual learning in two experiments. Participants
searched for a target embedded within images of fractals and other complex geometrical patterns while either holding their
hands near to or far from the stimuli. When visual features and structural patterns remained constant across to-be-learned
images (Exp. 1), no difference emerged between hand postures in the observed rates of learning. However, when to-be-learned scenes maintained
structural pattern information but changed in color (Exp. 2), participants exhibited substantially slower rates of learning when holding their hands near the material. This finding
shows that learning near the hands is impaired in situations in which common information must be abstracted from visually
unique images, suggesting a bias toward detail-oriented processing near the hands. 相似文献
234.
Externalizing psychopathology (EXT) is a framework for understanding diagnostic comorbidity and etiology of antisocial and
substance-use behaviors. EXT indicates continuity in adulthood but the structure of adolescent EXT is less clear. This report
examines whether adolescent EXT is trait-like, as has been found with adults, or categorical. We use tests of measurement
invariance to determine how diagnostic indicators of EXT differ in adolescents compared to adults. The EXT measures employed
were DSM-IIIR diagnoses of adult antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and alcohol, marijuana, and drug dependence. Latent
trait, latent class, and hybrid models were fit to two separate data sets: 2,769 seventeen-year-old adolescents and 2,619
adults from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. The best model in both samples was a single-trait LT model. Parameters from the
adolescent and adult models were equivalent for all disorders except alcohol dependence. It appears that EXT in adolescence
can be accurately represented by a single-trait model, and the measurement properties of EXT are similar during these time
periods with the exception of alcohol dependence. 相似文献
235.
Examined a cognitive-behavioral pathway by which depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers increase risk for later child externalizing problem behavior via parents’ appraisals of child behavior and physical discipline. Participants were 245 children (118 girls) at risk for school-age conduct problems, and their parents and teachers. Children were approximately 3 years old at Time 1 (T1) and 5 ½ years old at Time 2 (T2). At T1, mothers and fathers reported their depressive symptoms, perceptions of their child’s reciprocal affection and responsiveness, frequency of physical punishment, and child externalizing problems. Mothers, fathers, and teachers provided ratings of externalizing behavior at T2. Structural equation modeling revealed that parents’ negative attributions mediated positive relations between their depressive symptoms and frequency of physical punishment for both fathers and mothers. More frequent physical punishment, in turn, predicted increased child externalizing behavior at T2. In future research, transactional mechanisms underlying effects of clinical depression on child conduct problems should be explored at multiple stages of development. For parents showing depressive symptoms, restructuring distorted perceptions about their children’s behavior may be an important component of intervention programs. 相似文献
236.
Banh MK Crane PK Rhew I Gudmundsen G Stoep AV Lyon A McCauley E 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(3):353-367
As research continues to document differences in the prevalence of mental health problems such as depression across racial/ethnic
groups, the issue of measurement equivalence becomes increasingly important to address. The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire
(MFQ) is a widely used screening tool for child and adolescent depression. This study applied a differential item functioning
(DIF) framework to data from a sample of 6th and 8th grade students in the Seattle Public School District (N = 3,593) to investigate the measurement equivalence of the MFQ. Several items in the MFQ were found to have DIF, but this
DIF was associated with negligible individual- or group-level impact. These results suggest that differences in MFQ scores
across groups are unlikely to be caused by measurement non-equivalence. 相似文献
237.
Becker SP Luebbe AM Stoppelbein L Greening L Fite PJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):527-542
Competing hypotheses for explaining the role of anxiety in the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
symptoms and childhood aggression were evaluated. Two studies tested whether anxiety exacerbated, attenuated, or had no effect
on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes among psychiatrically hospitalized children. In Study 1 (N = 99), children who scored above clinical cut-off levels for anxiety only, ADHD only, and co-occurring ADHD and anxiety were
compared on aggression subtypes (i.e., reactive, proactive, overt, and relational aggression). In Study 2, the moderating
role of anxiety on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes was examined with a larger sample (N = 265) and with continuous variables. No support was found for either the attenuation or exacerbation hypothesis, and results
remained consistent when separately examining hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention symptoms of ADHD. Although ADHD symptoms
were significantly associated with all aggression subtypes, this association did not remain when including symptoms of oppositional
defiant disorder. 相似文献
238.
239.
240.
Research has documented that children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased
risk of substance use problems. Few studies, however, have focused on early-onset substance use. This study therefore investigated
how the two symptom dimensions of ADHD (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) are associated with early-onset substance
use, the role of persistent ADHD for the association, and to what extent the association is influenced by genetic and environmental
factors. Twins (1,480 pairs) in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed from childhood to
adolescence. ADHD symptoms were measured at age 8–9 and age 13–14 via parent-report, whereas substance use was assessed at
age 13–14 via self-report. Results revealed that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms predicted early-onset “sometimes” tobacco
use (adjusted odds ratios, 1.12, for one symptom count), controlling for inattentive symptoms and conduct problem behaviors.
There is no independent effect of inattentive symptoms on early-onset substance use. Children with persistent hyperactivity/impulsivity
(defined as scoring above the 75th percentile at both time points) had a pronounced risk of both early-onset tobacco and alcohol
use (adjusted odds ratios from 1.86 to 3.35, compared to the reference group). The associations between hyperactivity/impulsivity
and early-onset substance use were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Our results indicated that hyperactivity/impulsivity,
but not inattention, is an important early predictor for early-onset substance use, and a shared genetic susceptibility is
suggested to explain this association. 相似文献