家、国、同胞,与天下万民--中西哲人及基督教的家庭观

本文分析了某些中西哲人及基督教的家庭观念的差异,并说明了这些差异所导致的后果.     

科学隐喻与科学哲学——访英国哲学家玛丽·海西教授

2005年4月至9月,笔者由山西大学科学技术哲学研究中心派赴英国剑桥李约瑟研究所进行了为期六个月的学术访问。在此期间,有幸向当代著名科学哲学家、剑桥大学教授玛丽·海西(Mary Hesse)就科学隐喻与科学哲学的一些问题进行了请教,在此整理出来供大家参阅。问:我注意到,您获得的第一个学位是理学学位,而您的博士学位论文是关于电子显微学的。那么,您是如何对科学哲学产生兴趣并走上相关的学术研究之路的?答:这恐怕需要从第二次世界大战刚刚结束的时候说起。那是1945年,我刚毕业不久,对于一个普通学生来说,当时攻读博士学位的机会并不是很多…     

Relational Spirituality,Mature Alterity,and Spiritual Service among Ministry Leaders: An Empirical Study

Christian communities in the United States increasingly are debating sociopolitical issues and the relevance of social justice and cultural diversity to Christian spirituality. The present study investigated connections between spiritual maturity, mature alterity, spiritual service, and spiritual leadership in a predominantly female and ethnically diverse sample of Christian ministry leaders (N = 115) in the United States. Spiritual maturity was operationalized based on a relational spirituality model using measures representing dwelling- and seeking-oriented dimensions. Spiritual service was assessed through (a) sanctification of service and (b) a differentiated posture of listening to the struggles of others. Results showed both measures of spiritual maturity were significantly and positively related to social justice commitment, differentiated listing, and intercultural competence (the latter among female but not male ministry leaders) over and above effects for age and spiritual impression management. A dwelling-oriented measure of spiritual maturity was positively associated with the sanctification of leadership service, whereas a seeking-oriented measure of spiritual maturity showed a modest positive association with spiritual leadership. Spiritual leadership was unrelated to measures of mature alterity. Findings are discussed with respect to limitations, future psychological research, and theological implications for postcolonial pastoral leadership and spirituality.

     

融合视角下的西方创造力系统观

创造力研究领域的学者已经在大C创造力、小C创造力以及创造力过程、人格、产品、创造力社会文化环境等不同角度进行了丰富的研究与理论的建构, 但体系纷繁, 观点各异, 往往让人难以抓住问题的重点, 我们则在梳理创造力定义的基础上, 将西方创造力理论从两个大方向上进行一定的梳理与思考, 一个是发展的角度(从微C创造力到小C创造力, 再到专业C创造力, 最后到大C创造力), 另一个是从微观到宏观联系的角度(从创造力的认知神经基础到创造力过程……一直到创造力的社会文化层面), 组成一个既联系又发展的坐标分类图, 因其与星系发展的过程有类似之处, 便将其比喻为星系发展模型, 以此来分析每个理论(主要包括Kaufman的4-C创造力模型、Csikszentmihalyi的创造力系统模型、Sternberg的创造力贡献推进理论、Amabile的创造力组成成分模型、Gl?veanu的5A创造力理论)的适用范围与界限, 以期为深入理解各个理论, 树立创造力整体观及为更进一步深入研究与应用做出一定的铺垫。     

临床指征优先谨慎使用抗菌药物

抗菌药物是临床广泛应用的一类药物。根据卫生部全国医院感染监测网监测结果,我国临床抗菌药物使用率较高。抗菌药物压力是细菌产生耐药性最重要的原因。对于临床谨慎使用抗菌药物来说,知晓和掌握使用指征是非常重要的,在任何情况任何时候,指征是优先考虑的。抗茵药物使用指征包括治疗性用药指征和预防性用药指征,尤其是预防用药方面。本文讨论抗菌药物应用指征,包括感染诊断与治疗性用药的关系、手术前预防性使用抗菌药物预防手术部位、内科患者预防性使用抗菌药物指征与药物选择等。     

儿童应对权威的矛盾解决策略研究

本文采用两难故事法对儿童(7～17岁)在与三种权威(父母、教师与社会上的成人)发生两难冲突时所采取的矛盾解决策略进行了研究,结果发现儿童与权威发生矛盾时所采取的解决策略存在(1)显著的对象差异,即儿童对教师更倾向接受策略,儿童对父母更倾向协商策略,儿童对社会更倾向拒绝策略;(2)显著的年龄差异,即随着年龄增长,儿童从接受权威的观点发展为坚持自己观点;(3)男女儿童,不同地区儿童应对权威的矛盾解决策不存在显著差异。     

不同职工对待激励模式需求程度的实证研究

本研究的目的是研究不同情况职工采取何种激励方法最为有效。方法是采用自编的职厂激励调查表．对河北省石家庄市不同类型、等级的3家医院的医护人员进行了调查．首先对调查项目的在被调查人中进行因子分析筛选项目．形成了最终的激励评价表,用该激励评价表的项目统计分析了不问情况职工对待激励模式的需要程度。统计的平均数显示．对工作环境、责任和物质奖励比较重视．女工对物质奖励的要求高于男职工,男职工在与工作有关的因素上高于女职工;从年龄和职务来看,年龄越低,职务越低,对各种激励模式的要求越高;文化程度越高,对责任、成就、人际关系的要求越高。     

Impact of background characteristics and gender–role attitudes on Chinese perceptions of selection criteria in employment

A random sample of 699 (327 men and 372 women) currently employed Chinese subjects participated in a study that examined their perceptions of common selection criteria in employment. Results of factor analysis showed that various selection criteria could be grouped under four underlying factors. In general, participants rated the Psychological Attribute factor as the most important criterion, followed closely by the Experience and Skill factor, and viewed the Physical Attribute and Demographic factors as the least important. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that participants'gender–role attitudes, especially those towards men's and women's roles in education, marriage and social interactions, were the most salient predictors of their perceptions towards the selection criteria. This remained true even after controlling for participants' background characteristics. Participants' gender, age and educational attainment were also predictive of their appraisal of various selection criteria in employment.     

Failure to loose fear: The impact of cognitive load and trait anxiety on extinction

Exposure therapy is an effective technique for fear reduction. However, whether effective exposure requires attentional allocation to the feared situation remains a debated clinical issue. In the present study, the impact of attention allocation in extinction was investigated in an experimental conditioning study. Through a between-subjects manipulation of cognitive load, we created a condition in which participants could allocate their attention to the feared stimulus during extinction (low load condition), and a condition in which attentional allocation was impaired (high load condition). The influence of cognitive load on extinction was examined by comparing electrodermal responses and verbal ratings for the conditioned stimuli in the two extinction load conditions. The results show less successful extinction in the high load condition than in the low load condition. However, this effect was found only in low anxious participants, and it was prominent only on the skin conductance responses. The present results suggest that extinction is not automatic but requires cognitive resources.