Priming addition facts with semantic relations

Results from 2 relational-priming experiments suggest the existence of an automatic analogical coordination between semantic and arithmetic relations. Word pairs denoting object sets served as primes in a task that elicits "obligatory" activation of addition facts (5 + 3 activates 8; J. LeFevre, J. Bisanz, & L. Mrkonjic, 1988). Semantic relations between the priming words were either aligned or misaligned with the structure of addition (M. Bassok, V. M. Chase, & S. A. Martin, 1998). Obligatory activation of addition facts occurred when the digits were primed by categorically related words (tulips-daisies), which are aligned with addition, but did not occur when the digits were primed by unrelated words (hens-radios, Experiment 1) or by functionally related words (records-songs, Experiment 2), which are misaligned with addition. These findings lend support to the viability of automatic analogical priming (B. A. Spellman, K. J. Holyoak, & R. G. Morrison, 2001) and highlight the relevance of arithmetic applications to theoretical accounts of mental arithmetic.     

短声强度为95dB时猫的两耳听现象

研究短声强度为95dB时猫的两耳听现象,探讨两耳干涉作用和交叉听力在听觉脑干电反应(ABR)上的表达。以ABR为检测指标,观察和比较耳蜗破坏前后对侧耳负荷75dB SWN时95dB短声诱发的ABR各波振幅的变化。结果：(1)耳蜗破坏前对侧耳负荷的75dB SWN可使95dB短声诱发的ABR之PⅢ、PⅣ波振幅增大(P＜0．01)。(2)耳蜗破坏后对侧耳负荷的75dB SWN对95dB短声诱发的ABR各波振幅无影响(P＞0．05)。(3)耳蜗破坏前对侧耳负荷75dB SWN时95dB短声诱发的ABR之PⅣ波振幅比耳蜗破坏后95dB短声诱发的ABR之PⅣ减小(P＜0．05)。结论：短声强度为95dB时,交叉听力现象在ABR之PⅢ、PⅣ波上均有表达,与75dB5WN产生的两耳干涉作用仅在ABR之PⅣ波有表达。     

The Meaning of the Sperm Donor for Heterosexual Couples: Confirming the Position of the Father

In the literature, relatively little attention has been paid to the meaning of donor involvement in the intimate couple dyad. The current study aimed to enrich our understanding of couples' meaning‐making regarding the anonymous sperm donor and how they dealt with the donor involvement. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine couples, who had at least one child conceived through sperm donation. Our thematic analysis showed that the donor conception was seen as a different path to create a normal family. Once the family was formed, most couples avoided talking about the donor because it was perceived as disrupting men's growing confidence in their position as father. Participants tried to confirm the position of the father to protect the family relationships. Uncertainties about how they were perceived as parents showed the continuing dominance of genetic ties within our social discourse. Participants also dealt with reminders of the donor in their daily life. Overall, they tried to manage the space taken up by the donor and to protect the position of the father. We relate our findings to literature on topic avoidance and shared obliviousness in families. For counseling practice, it could be useful to explore couples' meaning‐making about the donor as this seemed to serve family functioning.     

Negotiating the Cultural Steps in Developing an Online Intervention for Korean American Intimate Partner Violence

Korean American (KA) immigrants experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) underutilize existing services, but instead rely on KA clergy for assistance. However, there had not yet been an intervention curriculum developed for KA clergy to help them address IPV in their congregations. There was a lack of understanding regarding what needed to be included in an intervention curriculum for KA clergy, as well as the most effective form of curriculum design and delivery for such an intervention. This article discusses the process of developing an online IPV intervention curriculum for KA clergy to increase their capacity for IPV prevention and intervention within their congregations. Researchers developed Korean Clergy for Healthy Families by incorporating feedback from expert consultants and engaging study participants. The result is an IPV curriculum that speaks to participants’ cultural values and religious beliefs, and identifies barriers KA clergy experience when confronted with IPV. Specific steps to assist those who would want to develop culturally appropriate interventions are provided.     

与恐惧相关的简化刺激在不同知觉负载条件下的注意捕获效应

本研究选用视觉搜索范式,探讨了与恐惧相关的简化刺激在不同知觉负载条件下的注意捕获效应。结果发现:在分心物刺激为清晰的条件下,与恐惧相关的分心物刺激能够优先捕获被试注意,即使分心物刺激在一定程度上被简化,与恐惧相关的简化分心物刺激依然具有加工优先权,并且与恐惧相关的简化刺激在低知觉负载条件下和高知觉负载条件下的注意捕获量并没有显著差异,这一结果表明,与恐惧相关的简化刺激不受知觉负载的限制,能够自动化加工。     

Interoceptive awareness and unaware fear conditioning: are subliminal conditioning effects influenced by the manipulation of visceral self-perception?

Research has shown repeatedly that attention influences implicit learning effects. In a similar vein, interoceptive awareness might be involved in unaware fear conditioning: The fact that the CS is repeatedly presented in the context of aversive bodily experiences might facilitate the development of conditioned responding. We investigated the role of interoceptive attention in a subliminal conditioning paradigm. Conditioning was embedded in a spatial cueing task with subliminally presented cues that were followed by a masking stimulus. Response times to the targets that were either validly or invalidly predicted by the cues served as index of conditioning. Interoceptive attention was manipulated between-subjects. Half the participants completed a heartbeat detection task before conditioning. This task tunes attention to one’s own bodily signals. We found that conditioned responding was facilitated in this latter group of participants. These results are in line with the hypothesis that a rise interoceptive attention enhances unaware conditioned responding.     

高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展

本研究旨在了解高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展。选取24名来自北京8所高校从事心理咨询的专职或兼职心理咨询师进行4个焦点小组访谈。研究发现,高校心理咨询接触到的主要问题是心理障碍,多数心理咨询师胜任工作的专业能力不足,专业训练和实践均有欠缺,专业发展的需求强烈。健全高校临床与咨询心理学学历教育,推行心理咨询师资格认证和审核制度以及完善继续教育机制是促进高校心理咨询师专业能力及专业发展的重要途径。     

大学生时间管理倾向的测量及与文化取向的关系

依据时间管理的相关理论,参照国内外已有的相关问卷和量表,提出时间管理问卷的结构。对872份有效数据进行探索性和验证性因素分析,同时考察了价值观与时间管理的关系。研究结果表明：（1）大学生时间管理倾向问卷包括6个因子：即规划性、拖延性、时间透视性、自觉控制性、混乱倾向性和抗压性;（2）问卷的内部一致性信度、分半信度和重测信度均较高,问卷具有良好的信效度;（3）价值观中的垂直个人主义对时间管理倾向中的计划性、自觉控制性和混乱倾向性有显著预测作用;价值观中的垂直集体主义对时间透视和抗压力有显著的正向预测作用。     

Return of fear after retrospective inferences about the absence of an unconditioned stimulus during extinction

We examined whether the effect of an extinction phase can be influenced retrospectively by information about the cause of the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US) during that phase. Participants were subjected to a differential fear conditioning procedure, followed by an extinction procedure. Afterwards, half of the participants were presented with information about a technical failure, which explained why the US had been absent during the extinction phase. The other participants received information that was unrelated to the US. During a subsequent presentation of the target conditioned stimulus (CS), only the former group of participants showed renewed anticipatory skin conductance responding and a return of US expectancy. The results are in accordance with a propositional account of associative learning and highlight the importance of retrospective reasoning as a cause of relapse after exposure therapy.