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181.
Play with building toys such as LEGO® sets promotes spatial learning in children. The present study examined the effects of the color of the bricks (either pink or blue) and the femininity/masculinity of the object built on boys’ and girls’ play with LEGO® sets. Children (n = 116, M age = 7.27 range = 5–10) were given the opportunity to build with LEGO® brick sets, both instructed and free play tasks. For the instructed task, the type of object (feminine: cat; masculine: dinosaur) and color of the bricks (pink, blue) were counterbalanced across participants. Their play was coded for accuracy of following the instructions and time to complete the task. In the free play task, brick color (pink, blue) was counterbalanced across participants, and structures were coded for femininity/masculinity and the number of bricks used. Overall, children took longer to build a feminine object with blue bricks than with pink bricks. In the free-play task, boys built more masculine objects than girls did, regardless of the color of bricks they were given. Results showed that boys completed the LEGO® tasks faster than did girls, controlling for interest in and experience with LEGO® play. These findings suggest that toy color and type can impact how children interact and play with toys. 相似文献
182.
Research has shown that nonspatial features, including semantic categories, can bias younger adults' spatial location memory. For example, semantically related information is remembered as being closer in space than semantically unrelated information (Hirtle & Mascolo, 1986). These findings suggest that verbal information is concurrently encoded with spatial information and influences younger adults' spatial information retrieval. The present study explored whether older adults have a similar dependency between verbal and spatial information. In Experiment 1, older and younger adults learned maps depicting semantically categorizable landmarks. After learning, participants completed landmark free recall and distance estimation tasks. Younger adults recalled more landmarks from semantically organized maps compared with older adults. In addition, younger adults were more likely to underestimate the distance between semantically related landmarks than were older adults. Experiment 2 examined whether supportive instructions would influence older adults' use of verbal information when learning maps. When given instructions that encouraged semantic feature use, older adults remembered more landmarks, were more likely to cluster landmarks semantically, and demonstrated biases in distance estimation based on semantic relationships. These findings suggest that verbal influences on spatial/map learning in older adults depends on explicit instructions or environmental support at encoding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
183.
184.
Personal response systems, commonly called ‘clickers’, are widely used in secondary and post‐secondary classrooms. Although many studies show they enhance learning, experimental findings are mixed, and methodological issues limit their conclusions. Moreover, prior work has not determined whether clickers affect cognitive change or simply alert students to information likely to be on tests. The present investigation used a highly controlled methodology that removed subject and item differences from the data to explore the effect of clicker questions on memory for targeted facts in a live classroom and to gain a window on the cognitive processes affecting the outcome. We found that in‐class clicker questions given in a university psychology class augmented performance on delayed exam questions by 10–13%. Experimental results and a class survey indicate that it is unlikely that the observed effects can be attributed solely to attention grabbing. Rather, the data suggest the technology invokes the testing effect. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
185.
Taylor JG 《Consciousness and cognition》2012,21(1):325-339
We discuss experimental support for the existence of a corollary discharge signal of attention movement control and its formulation in terms of the corollary discharge of attention model of attention movement (CODAM). The data is from fMRI, MEG and EEG activity observed about 200 ms after stimulus onset in various attention paradigms and in which the activity is mainly sited in parietal and extra-striate visual areas. Moreover the data arises from neural activity observed before report of a subject's experience occurs. The overall experimental support for the existence of a copy of the attention movement control signal generates, it is suggested, a viable route to explore the relation between this signal and human consciousness, as concluded in the paper. 相似文献
186.
Kind A 《Consciousness and cognition》2012,21(2):677-8; author reply 679-80
187.
188.
Technological advances and information-seeking consumers have pushed forward the movement of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic
testing. Just like with other types of testing, there are potential risks, benefits and limitations. A major limitation of
DTC testing is the incomplete view it provides regarding lifetime risk for common, complex diseases, since most tests only
analyze 1–2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and do not include evaluation of medical or family histories, which is
necessary to risk assessment. Further, it is not currently well-established whether personal genomic testing results will
lead toward improved health behaviors, adverse psychological effects or potential overuse of the health care system. To display
these and other issues, we present an in-depth case study of an individual who ordered DTC genetic testing and subsequently
sought genetic counseling. This case presents a unique learning experience for the field of genomic counseling, as the patient
did not fit the typical assumptions regarding ‘early adopters’ of DTC testing. It also allowed the genetics health care providers
involved in the case to identify gaps in current genetic counseling practice that need to be filled and approaches to employ
for successful delivery of genomic counseling. Based on our experience, we developed practical recommendations for genomic
counseling, which include novel approaches to case preparation, use of electronic tools during the counseling session, and
focusing on education as the major component of the genomic counseling session, in order to provide patients with the knowledge
necessary to independently interpret and understand large amounts of genomic testing information provided to them. 相似文献
189.
Ecological valence theory (EVT; Palmer & Schloss, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:8877–8882, 2010) proposes that color preferences are due to affective responses to color-associated objects: That is, people generally like
colors to the degree that they like the objects associated with those colors. Palmer and Schloss found that the average valence
of objects associated with a color, when weighted by how well the objects matched the color (weighted affective valence estimates:
WAVE) explained 80% of the variation in preference across colors. Here, we replicated and extended Palmer and Schloss’s investigation
to establish whether color–object associations can account for sex differences in color preference and whether the relationship
between associated objects and color preference is equally strong for males and females. We found some degree of sex specificity
to the WAVEs, but the relationship between WAVE and color preference was significantly stronger for males than for females
(74% shared variance for males, 45% for females). Furthermore, analyses identified a significant inverse relationship between
the number of objects associated with a color and preference for the color. Participants generally liked colors associated
with few objects and disliked colors associated with many objects. For the sample overall and for females alone, this association
was not significantly weaker than the association of the WAVE and preference. The success of the WAVE at capturing color preference
was partly due to the relationship between the number of associated objects and color preference. The findings identify constraints
of EVT in its current form, but they also provide general support for the link between color preference and color–object associations. 相似文献
190.
Raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be an overwhelming experience for parents and families. The pervasive and severe deficits often present in children with ASD are associated with a plethora of difficulties in caregivers, including decreased parenting efficacy, increased parenting stress, and an increase in mental and physical health problems compared with parents of both typically developing children and children with other developmental disorders. In addition to significant financial strain and time pressures, high rates of divorce and lower overall family well-being highlight the burden that having a child with an ASD can place on families. These parent and family effects reciprocally and negatively impact the diagnosed child and can even serve to diminish the positive effects of intervention. However, most interventions for ASD are evaluated only in terms of child outcomes, ignoring parent and family factors that may have an influence on both the immediate and long-term effects of therapy. It cannot be assumed that even significant improvements in the diagnosed child will ameliorate the parent and family distress already present, especially as the time and expense of intervention can add further family disruption. Thus, a new model of intervention evaluation is proposed, which incorporates these factors and better captures the transactional nature of these relationships. 相似文献