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We argue that central monitoring of efferent signals (CME) is a necessary and perhaps sufficient condition for the most accurate reproduction of a linear movement. In a movement duplication task where the subject sets or is given a criterion movement which he then attempts to reproduce, we argue that voluntary criterion and reproduction movements may be based upon some ‘pre-set’ instruction whereas passive movement duplication must be based upon proprioceptive information. We show that subjects can perform a visual signal detection task during the voluntary criterion movement which does not affect accuracy of reproduction. The same task carried out during the passive criterion movement does affect reproduction. These findings suggest that pick-up of proprioceptive information is not involved in voluntary movement. 相似文献
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A logical analysis is made of the Matching Familiar Figures (MFF) Test on the basis of which children have been classified as "impulsive" or "reflective." The reflective strategy is implicitly preferred to the impulsive because the reflective child makes fewer errors though generally taking longer to make his first response. We show that the test allows the choice of a number of "game plans" and speed-accuracy tradeoffs which in practice may not be very different. Error rates may not indicate perceptual sensitivity, in any case, since sensitivity and response factors may be confounded in the error rate. Using a visual running-memory-span task to avoid the inherent difficulties of the MFF test, we found that children previously classified on the basis of that test as impulsive or reflective did not differ in recognition accuracy but did differ in response bias and response latency. Accuracy and bias are estimated by way of Luce's choice theory (Luce, 1963), and the results are discussed in those terms. 相似文献
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Jason T Siegel Eusebio M Alvaro William D Crano Andrew Lac Sarah Ting Sara Pace Jones 《Health psychology》2008,27(2):170-178
OBJECTIVE: Approximately 6,000 Americans die every year awaiting an organ transplant. Health promotion interventions may alleviate the shortage of viable organs by increasing the number of registered organ donors. This study is the first to evaluate the differential effectiveness of various organ donor messages in naturalistic settings. DESIGN: A 4 (Appeal)x4 (Exemplar)x4 (Location) counterbalanced quasi-experimental design was implemented. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The behavioral outcome measure was the number of individuals who registered to be organ donors at computer kiosks. RESULTS: A number of significant main effects and interactions emerged. Most notably, of the 4 different appeals (counterargument, emotional, motivating action, dissonance), counterargument was by far the most efficacious, especially in academic-type settings (library, university, community college); the emotional appeal was most successful in hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study have implications for both organ donor investigations and health campaign research in general. Statistical interactions highlight the importance of evaluating multiple exemplars in multiple locations for each type of appeal when conducting health campaign research. 相似文献
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John P. J. Pinel Danica M. Petrovic Craig Hilton Jones 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1990,42(4):401-411
A wire-wrapped wooden dowel was inserted through the wall of the nest compartment of a two-compartment box. There were four conditions. Some lactating female rats were shocked by the dowel when they first touched it, and some were not, after which the dowel was either immediately withdrawn from the chamber or left in place for the duration of the ensuing 30-min test period. Three defensive behaviours were observed during the tests: the mothers buried the shock source with bedding from the floor of the chamber, they transported their pups to the adjoining “safe” chamber, and they built a new nest in the safe chamber from material salvaged from their original nest. The shocked mothers that were confronted with the shock source throughout the test period displayed significantly more of each of these three defensive behaviours than did the mothers in the other three conditions. The methods used in this study provide a simple, reliable, safe paradigm for studying maternal defensive behaviour; the results indicate that the defensive capacities of the rat extend far beyond stereotypical flight, freeze, and fight responses, which have been the focus of most research on rodent defense. 相似文献
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Deborah J. Jones Raelyn Loiselle Chloe Zachary Alexis R. Georgeson April Highlander Patrick Turner Jennifer K. Youngstrom Olga Khavjou Margaret T. Anton Michelle Gonzalez Nicole Lafko Bresland Rex Forehand 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(2):508-521
Low-income families are more likely to have a child with an early-onset Behavior Disorder (BD); yet, socioeconomic strain challenges engagement in Behavioral Parent Training (BPT). This study follows a promising pilot to further examine the potential to cost-effectively improve low-income families’ engagement in and the efficiency of BPT. Low-income families were randomized to (a) Helping the Noncompliant Child (HNC; McMahon & Forehand, 2003), a weekly, mastery-based BPT program that includes both the parent and child or (b) Technology-Enhanced HNC (TE-HNC), which includes all of the standard HNC components plus a parent mobile application and therapist web portal that provide between-session monitoring, modeling, and coaching of parent skill use with the goal of improved engagement in the context of financial strain. Relative to HNC, TE-HNC families had greater homework compliance and mid-week call participation. TE-HNC completers also required fewer weeks to achieve skill mastery and, in turn, to complete treatment than those in HNC without compromising parent satisfaction with treatment; yet, session attendance and completion were not different between groups. Future directions and clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
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Younkin Felisha L. Firmin Michael W. Parrill Rachel L. Smith Alexis D. Krauss Zachary J. Jones Theresa M. 《Journal of religion and health》2021,60(3):2125-2137
Journal of Religion and Health - Our interdisciplinary team (which included professionals from nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and psychology) conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with... 相似文献