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951.
Amy L Copeland James M Diefendorff Darla E Kendzor Carla J Rash Michael S Businelle Scott M Patterson Donald A Williamson 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(4):469-477
A measure of smoking outcome expectancies was developed for children ages 7-12 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine whether a 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-factor solution was most appropriate for the data set. CFA revealed that the 3-factor model produced the most adequate fit (Positive Reinforcement, Negative Consequences, and Weight Control). The resulting 15-item measure was named the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Child (SCQ-C). The fit of the 3-dimensional structure was then examined separately for 3 age groups representing young (7- to 8-year-old), middle (9- to 10-year-old), and old (11- to 13-year-old) children. Overall, the 3-factor structure fit the data well for the 3 groups. As such, we examined the relations of the 3 scales with antecedent variables for the entire sample. The Positive Reinforcement scale was associated with children's smoking behavior and having a family member or peers who smoked. The Negative Consequences scale was inversely related to having a family member or peer who smoked. 相似文献
952.
Robert B Noll Jennifer Reiter-Purtill Kathryn Vannatta Cynthia A Gerhardt Amy Short 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(2):173-187
We completed a replication study examining the social and emotional functioning of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) who have not had an overt stroke and a group of demographically similar comparison classmates based upon data from multiple informants. Relative to comparison peers, children with SCD were described by teachers as more prosocial and less aggressive. Peers described them as having fewer friends, less athletic, ill more often, and missing more school. No group differences were identified for emotional well-being. Effect size analyses indicated that this study replicated a number of findings from our previous study of children with SCD (Noll et al., 1996). Findings from both studies suggest relative psychological hardiness among children with SCD who have not had an overt stroke. 相似文献
953.
Research regarding the development of early academic skills among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) students has been very limited to date. Using a nationally representative sample of AIAN, Hispanic, African American, and White children at school entry, the authors used latent growth models to estimate the associations among poverty, low parental education, living in a rural location, as well as child attitudes toward learning and internalizing/externalizing behaviors, with mathematical and reading cognitive skill development across the 1st 4 years of school. Results indicate that AIAN children entered kindergarten with scores on both mathematical and reading cognitive tests that were comparable to their peers from other ethnic groups of color. Importantly, all children who entered kindergarten with lower cognitive skill scores also acquired skills more slowly over the next 4 years. Having a positive approach to learning at the start of kindergarten was associated with cognitive skill levels at school entry nearly 1 standard deviation above the population average. Results are discussed with reference to the shared early educational profiles observed between AIAN and other children of color. These findings provide a much-needed update regarding early academic development among AIAN children. 相似文献
954.
The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the present research, consisting of 2 correlational studies (N = 616) including a representative U.S. sample and 2 experiments (N = 350), the authors investigated how stereotypes and emotions shape behavioral tendencies toward groups, offering convergent support for the behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes (BIAS) map framework. Warmth stereotypes determine active behavioral tendencies, attenuating active harm (harassing) and eliciting active facilitation (helping). Competence stereotypes determine passive behavioral tendencies, attenuating passive harm (neglecting) and eliciting passive facilitation (associating). Admired groups (warm, competent) elicit both facilitation tendencies; hated groups (cold, incompetent) elicit both harm tendencies. Envied groups (competent, cold) elicit passive facilitation but active harm; pitied groups (warm, incompetent) elicit active facilitation but passive harm. Emotions predict behavioral tendencies more strongly than stereotypes do and usually mediate stereotype-to-behavioral-tendency links. 相似文献
955.
Nevin JA Davison M Odum AL Shahan TA 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2007,88(2):285-317
A theory of attending and reinforcement in conditional discriminations is extended to working memory in delayed matching to sample by adding terms for disruption of attending during the retention interval. Like its predecessor, the theory assumes that reinforcers and disruptors affect the independent probabilities of attending to sample and comparison stimuli in the same way as the rate of overt free-operant responding as suggested by Nevin and Grace, and that attending is translated into discriminative performance by the model of Davison and Nevin. The theory accounts for the effects of sample-stimulus discriminability and retention-interval disruption on the levels and slopes of forgetting functions, and for the diverse relations between accuracy and sensitivity to reinforcement reported in the literature. It also accounts for the effects of reinforcer probability in multiple schedules on the levels and resistance to change of forgetting functions; for the effects of reinforcer probabilities signaled within delayed-matching trials; and for the effects of reinforcer delay, sample duration, and intertrial-interval duration. The model accounts for some data that have been problematic for previous theories, and makes testably different predictions of the effects of reinforcer probabilities and disruptors on forgetting functions in multiple schedules and signaled trials. 相似文献
956.
McConkie-Rosell A Abrams L Finucane B Cronister A Gane LW Coffey SM Sherman S Nelson LM Berry-Kravis E Hessl D Chiu S Street N Vatave A Hagerman RJ 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(5):593-606
The purpose of this paper is to report the outcome of a collaborative project between the Fragile X Research and Treatment
Center at the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute at the University of California at
Davis, the National Fragile X Foundation (NFXF), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The objective of
this collaboration was to develop and disseminate protocols for genetic counseling and cascade testing for the multiple disorders
associated with the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) mutation. Over the last several years, there has been increasing insight into the phenotypic range associated with both
the premutation and the full mutation of the FMR1 gene. To help develop recommendations related to screening for fragile X-associated disorders, four, two day advisory focus
group meetings were conducted, each with a different theme. The four themes were: (1) fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome
(FXTAS); (2) premature ovarian failure (POF) and reproductive endocrinology; (3) psychiatric, behavioral and psychological
issues; and (4) population screening and related ethical issues. 相似文献
957.
Despite increased visibility and availability of prenatal testing procedures, very little is known about the attitudes among
the populace toward these procedures. Using a computer assisted telephone interview of pregnant and non-pregnant women of
childbearing age we analyze awareness and attitudes regarding prenatal tests among a diverse group of women of childbearing
age in Texas. We also examine maternal characteristics associated with awareness and the willingness to undergo these procedures.
While 89% were aware that such tests are available, younger, black and less educated women were less likely to know about
prenatal tests for birth defects. Seventy-two percent of respondents said they would want their baby tested while Hispanic
and black women were significantly more likely to express an interest than non-Hispanic whites. This study demonstrates the
variability of knowledge and beliefs and confirms the importance of taking time to understand an individual’s personal beliefs,
knowledge and attitudes about prenatal diagnosis. 相似文献
958.
John M. Laux Kathleen M. Salyers Amy L. Jones 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2007,28(1):21-30
This study found a statistically significant inverse relationship between defensiveness and female college students' Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (M. L. Selzer, 1971) and CAGE (J. A. Ewing, 1984) scores. Female college students who produce negative screening scores were more defensive than those whose alcohol use screens were positive. 相似文献
959.
Bailey DB Golden RN Roberts J Ford A 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2007,13(4):321-329
Maternal depression in families having a child with a disability has been the subject of considerable research over the past 25 years. This review was designed to describe the literature on maternal depression, critique its research methodology, identify consensus findings across studies, and make recommendations for future research. A particular emphasis is on the distinction between exhibiting depressive symptoms and meeting clinical criteria for a depressive disorder, how or whether research studies made this distinction, and implications for our understanding of maternal adaptation to disability in a family member. Of the 42 articles reviewed, only eight were clinically diagnosed depression; most of them used a scale rating depressive symptoms. Across the studies, mothers of children with disabilities generally exhibited a higher than average rate of depressive symptoms and are more at risk for clinical depression, but the incidence may be lower than reported in previous literature. Child behavior problems, maternal stress, coping style, and support were consistently associated with depressive symptoms. We conclude that we know relatively little about clinical depression in mothers of children with disabilities. The distinction between clinical depression and depressive symptoms may be important in conceptualizing how a child with a disability can influence family members and the nature of support that may need to be provided. Future research should incorporate gold standard diagnostic tools and assess history, severity, and type of depression. Research is also needed to study treatments to reduce the occurrence of both depressive symptoms and clinical depression. 相似文献
960.
Fiske A Gatz M 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(5):441-461
The Memory in Reality (MIR) test, or Apartment Test, was designed as an ecologically valid alternative to word list recall measures. Participants name 10 everyday objects, place them in a scale model of an apartment and after a delay with interference, recall the objects and their placement. Two studies are reported. Study 1 included 51 older adult volunteers. Study 2 was a population-based sample of 633 older twins. The Apartment Test Recall and Placement tasks were highly correlated with word list delayed recall. Ecological validity was supported by correlations with informant reports of participants' functioning. Apartment Test Recall was not affected by education. Analysis of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) showed Apartment Test Recall performed as well as word list delayed recall in distinguishing participants with and without dementia. We conclude that the Apartment Test is a valid measure of verbal memory with evidence of ecological and concurrent validity. 相似文献