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931.
Richard Spicuzza Jim Ysseldyke Amy Lemkuil Stacey Kosciolek Christopher Boys Ellen Teelucksingh 《Journal of School Psychology》2001,39(6):521-542
In recent years, concerns about the math achievement of U.S. students have been highlighted in the popular press, journal articles, major conference presentations, and official U.S. Department of Education (1998) reports. School personnel have responded to the issue of low math achievement by a) writing or rewriting standards, b) “ratcheting up” current standards, c) building accountability systems that include all students, d) developing programmatic interventions, e) extending the school year, and f) implementing effective instructional management systems. Research on teaching has linked instructional environment and achievement. Thus, this study was designed to determine whether the implementation of an instructional management system served to improve student math achievement and the classroom instructional environment. In addition, the study examined the extent to which adding a curriculum-based monitoring system to an ongoing math curriculum would result in positive changes in the classroom instructional environment and in achievement. 相似文献
932.
E. Tory Higgins Ronald S. Friedman Robert E. Harlow Lorraine Chen Idson Ozlem N. Ayduk Amy Taylor 《European journal of social psychology》2001,31(1):3-23
A new task goal elicits a feeling of pride in individuals with a subjective history of success, and this achievment pride produces anticipatory goal reactions that energize and direct behavior to approach the task goal. By distinguishing between promotion pride and prevention pride, the present paper extends this classic model of achievement motivation. Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997 ) distinguishes between a promotion focus on hopes and accomplishments (gains) and a prevention focus on safety and responsibilities (non‐losses). We propose that a subjective history of success with promotion‐related eagerness (promotion pride) orients individuals toward using eagerness means to approach a new task goal, whereas a subjective history of success with prevention‐related vigilance (prevention pride) orients individuals toward using vigilance means to approach a new task goal. Studies 1–3 tested this proposal by examining the relations between a new measure of participants' subjective histories of promotion success and prevention success (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ)) and their achievement strategies in different tasks. Study 4 examined the relation between participants' RFQ responses and their reported frequency of feeling eager or vigilant in past task engagements. Study 5 used an experimental priming technique to make participants temporarily experience either a subjective history of promotion success or a subjective history of prevention success. For both chronic and situationally induced achievement pride, these studies found that when approaching task goals individuals with promotion pride use eagerness means whereas individuals with prevention pride use vigilance means. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
933.
Vengeance can be commonly defined as the infliction of harm in return for perceived injury or insult or as simply getting back at another person. Three hundred fifty‐three participants responded to eight hypothetical scenarios that may elicit vengeful behavior in which the offending party was either a romantic partner, a friend, a coworker, or a stranger. Participants also completed a vengeance scale and a measure of biblical literalism. Participants were most vengeful toward coworkers and least vengeful toward romantic partners. Age, religious conservatism, and gender were significant predictors of attitudes toward vengeance. Although men were more likely than women to be accepting of vengeful attitudes as measured by the vengeance scale, only age was a significant predictor of behavior in the vengeance scenarios. The current research provides a basis for a systematic investigation of vengeance within the structure of human relationships and interactions. Aggr. Behav. 27:343–350, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
934.
A Delphi poll of the institutional members of the Council of Counselling Psychology Training Programmes in the United States revealed anticipations regarding the future of the speciality in relation to three broad areas of contemporary concern. These included the speciality's anticipated core identity, the future role of science and research training in the speciality, and its probable developments in relation to professional training. In general, a commitment to cultural diversity and life-span development occupied pre-eminent positions in relation to the speciality's anticipated identity. Significant attention to methodological diversity and scientific and professional reform were also noted within the context of continuing challenges to the speciality's identity and its future. 相似文献
935.
The role of landmarks in cotton-top tamarin spatial foraging: evidence for geometric and non-geometric features 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
We report experiments on captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) designed to explore two components of spatial foraging. First, do tamarins have the capacity to extract geometric information
concerning the spatial relationship between a landmark and a piece of food located above or below it? Second, when tamarins
use a landmark to find a target location, what non-geometric features of the landmark do they encode? To explore these problems,
we created an artificial jungle environment and trained subjects to find food either above or below a target object (i.e.,
landmark). Once subjects successfully located the food, we transformed various features associated with the landmark, including
its color, orientation, and shape; we also manipulated the landmark-food reward distance, the overall shape of the jungle,
and the number and position of landmarks. Results showed that the tamarins' success in finding the food reward was not affected
by landmark color, orientation, number, or overall shape of the jungle, suggesting that with respect to the particular test
conditions, these features are not relevant to the representation of a landmark. Subjects also generalized to novel landmark-food
distances, suggesting that they had integrated geometric (i.e., above/below) with non-geometric (i.e., color/shape) features.
Performance was negatively affected by changes to the shape of the landmark, indicating that this feature is critical to the
representation of a landmark.
Accepted after revision: 7 August 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
936.
Ahna L H Pai Rachel Neff Greenley Amy Lewandowski Dennis Drotar Eric Youngstrom Catherine Cant Peterson 《Journal of family psychology》2007,21(3):407-415
This study used meta-analytic methods to compare the functioning of parents of children with cancer to parents of physically healthy children or normative samples. A meta-analysis using fixed effects, weighted least squares methods was conducted on 29 studies examining psychological distress and marital and family functioning among parents of children with cancer. Mothers and fathers of children newly diagnosed with cancer reported significantly greater distress than comparison samples. Mothers reported greater distress than fathers up to 12 months postdiagnosis. Mothers of children with cancer reported higher levels of family conflict than mothers of healthy children. Findings suggest that pediatric cancer impacts parents' perceptions of self- and family functioning, especially within the 1st year following diagnosis. 相似文献
937.
Amy L Copeland James M Diefendorff Darla E Kendzor Carla J Rash Michael S Businelle Scott M Patterson Donald A Williamson 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2007,21(4):469-477
A measure of smoking outcome expectancies was developed for children ages 7-12 years. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine whether a 1-, 2-, 3-, or 4-factor solution was most appropriate for the data set. CFA revealed that the 3-factor model produced the most adequate fit (Positive Reinforcement, Negative Consequences, and Weight Control). The resulting 15-item measure was named the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Child (SCQ-C). The fit of the 3-dimensional structure was then examined separately for 3 age groups representing young (7- to 8-year-old), middle (9- to 10-year-old), and old (11- to 13-year-old) children. Overall, the 3-factor structure fit the data well for the 3 groups. As such, we examined the relations of the 3 scales with antecedent variables for the entire sample. The Positive Reinforcement scale was associated with children's smoking behavior and having a family member or peers who smoked. The Negative Consequences scale was inversely related to having a family member or peer who smoked. 相似文献
938.
Robert B Noll Jennifer Reiter-Purtill Kathryn Vannatta Cynthia A Gerhardt Amy Short 《Child neuropsychology》2007,13(2):173-187
We completed a replication study examining the social and emotional functioning of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) who have not had an overt stroke and a group of demographically similar comparison classmates based upon data from multiple informants. Relative to comparison peers, children with SCD were described by teachers as more prosocial and less aggressive. Peers described them as having fewer friends, less athletic, ill more often, and missing more school. No group differences were identified for emotional well-being. Effect size analyses indicated that this study replicated a number of findings from our previous study of children with SCD (Noll et al., 1996). Findings from both studies suggest relative psychological hardiness among children with SCD who have not had an overt stroke. 相似文献
939.
Research regarding the development of early academic skills among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) students has been very limited to date. Using a nationally representative sample of AIAN, Hispanic, African American, and White children at school entry, the authors used latent growth models to estimate the associations among poverty, low parental education, living in a rural location, as well as child attitudes toward learning and internalizing/externalizing behaviors, with mathematical and reading cognitive skill development across the 1st 4 years of school. Results indicate that AIAN children entered kindergarten with scores on both mathematical and reading cognitive tests that were comparable to their peers from other ethnic groups of color. Importantly, all children who entered kindergarten with lower cognitive skill scores also acquired skills more slowly over the next 4 years. Having a positive approach to learning at the start of kindergarten was associated with cognitive skill levels at school entry nearly 1 standard deviation above the population average. Results are discussed with reference to the shared early educational profiles observed between AIAN and other children of color. These findings provide a much-needed update regarding early academic development among AIAN children. 相似文献
940.
These experiments explored the role of prior experience in 12- to 18-month-old infants' tool-directed actions. In Experiment 1, infants' use of a familiar tool (spoon) to accomplish a novel task (turning on lights inside a box) was examined. Infants tended to grasp the spoon by its handle even when doing so made solving the task impossible (the bowl did not fit through the hole in the box, but the handle did) and even though the experimenter demonstrated a bowl-grasp. In contrast, infants used a novel tool flexibly and grasped both sides equally often. In Experiment 2, infants received training using the novel tool for a particular function; 3 groups of infants were trained to use the tool differently. Later, infants' performance was facilitated on tasks that required infants to grasp the part of the tool they were trained to grasp. The results suggest that (a) infants' prior experiences with tools are important to understanding subsequent tool use, and (b) rather than learning about tool function (e.g., hammering), infants learn about which part of the tool is meant to be held, at least early in their exposure to a novel tool. 相似文献