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141.
142.
The issue of multiple memory systems is explored. Young and older adults (mean ages = 20 and 71, respectively) named pictures and were tested immediately, 1, 7, or 21 days later. Episodic memory (recognition) for pictures was significantly lower in older relative to young adults and declined systematically across all retention intervals in both age groups. In contrast, procedural memory (repetition priming in picture naming) revealed no reliable age differences. In both age groups, priming declined within the first 24 hr, but unlike recognition, there was no further decrement from 1 to 21 days. There were also within-subject dissociations: The magnitude of priming was equivalent for remembered and forgotten items, and the relation between recognition and priming across intervals was nonmonotic, revealing a reversed association. The findings were interpreted within a multiple-memory-systems framework. 相似文献
143.
Critical Flicker Fusion Thresholds (CFFTs) were measured in 644 elderly people identified from community-based general practice
records, and the relationship of CFFT with age was investigated. The CFFT was measured using the method of limits with mean
scores for three ascending (flicker/fusion) and three descending (fusion/flicker) presentations being recorded. The difference
between the ascending and descending means was found to be significantly correlated with age (r=−0.131,P<0.001) and may reflect a reduced sensitivity of the Central Nervous System to suprathreshold flicker with increasing age.
The results suggest that CFFT measurement has an important role to play in gerontological research as an objective measure
of cognitive aspects of the ageing process. 相似文献
144.
Groups of non-computer scientists were tested to evaluate the potential of an as yet non-existent interactive terminal with
a screen diagonal of one meter. A simulated large image terminal provided limited realistic interactions using software developed
to give close proximity to the predicted visual effect. Subjective responses from 101 subjects were elicited from a questionnaire
designed to evaluate specific aspects of the “terminal” in use. From this data, two types of screen (lenticular and plain)
and two types of interaction devices (touch and remote pointer) were analyzed experimentally using a two-way factorial design.
Potential end-users provided positive feedback concerning future use of the Large Image Terminal. Building a realistic mock-up
revealed screen contaminations which would not have been discovered until a much later stage. Although statistical analysis
of screen evaluations was equivocal, the questionnaire was sufficiently penetrating to separate the positive and negative
features. This methodology was invaluable in guiding the design process.
Copies of the questionnaire may be obtained from the authors at the Heriot-Watt address. 相似文献
145.
146.
D M Fragaszy S R Mitchell 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1990,104(3):275-282
Patterns of manual preference and the extent to which preference provided a benefit in performance (movement time) were evaluated in 7 young adult capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Directions of preference were inconsistent within individual animals across home-cage activities, unimanual, and bimanual experimental tasks. Preferences were more strongly expressed in the experimental tasks than in the home cage. A left bias in the population for prehension, predicted by recent theories, was not evident in any setting. Movement time was moderately negatively correlated with degree of preference within experimental tasks. The benefit to performance conferred by lateral preference was not dependent on whether the right or left hand was preferred. Lateralization of prehension appears to be a flexible process in these monkeys, which can result in quickly realized benefits in some conditions. 相似文献
147.
Erratum
Overt integrity tests versus personality-based measures of delinquency: An empirical comparis 相似文献148.
149.
Romanians suffered incredible deprivations of every sort during the decades of Communist dictatorship. Most of the country’s
1,000 psychiatrists, and most of their patients, were victimized by the political system. A few psychiatrists actively engaged
in practices amounting to torture. Many, however, became willing or unwilling participants in the political abuse of their
profession.
Such political abuses were fostered by abusive legislation and abusive law enforcement by the secret police. Abuses included:
mass detentions in psychiatric hospitals of dissidents and political undesirables; abusive interpretation of the laws in detaining
persons not suffering from mental illness; false, politically motivated diagnoses and treatment; and detention in secret facilities.
While there are honest efforts to come to grips with the past, to compensate victims of psychiatric abuse, and to institute
proceedings against abusers, there is also much resistance to reform. Reform-minded Romanian psychiatrists deserve the support
of their western colleagues in the effort to restore Romanian psychiatry. In particular, professional colleagues all over
the world are asked to comment on the draft law currently pending before the Romanian parliament, which is intended to restore
the rule of law to the practice of psychiatry in Romania.
Report of a consultative mission to Bucharest, on behalf of the Geneva Initiave on Psychiatry, 7 June to 12 June 1992, by
Nanci Adler, Historian-Sovietologist, Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; G.O.W. Mueller, Distinguished
Professor of Criminal Justice, Rutgers — The State University of New Jersey, U.S.A.; Mohammed Ayat, Professor of Criminology
and Penal Law, Université de Fes, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques, Economiques et Sociales, FEs, Morocco.
The Geneva Initiative on Psychiatry is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization, dedicated to the introduction and preservation
of ethical practices in the psychiatric profession, in accordance with medical ethics, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, and U.N. standards and guidelines. Headquartered in Amsterdam, the organization is currently providing technical and
financial assistance to the newly established free, independent, democratic psychiatric associations in Russia, Ukraine, Romania,
and other countries. The General Secretary of the organization is Robert van Voren; the board is composed of professionals
from some twenty countries.
This article was based on meetings at governmental and parliamentary offices, nongovernmental organizations, and embassies
as well psychiatric institutions with, among others, the following persons: Dr. Lucian Alexandrescu, V-P Radu Ciuceanu, Mr.
Comsa, Proc. Gen’l. Ulpiu Cereceanu, Mr. Nistor Cristea, Mr. Dinu Ianculescu, Prof. Dr. George Ionescu, Miss Cristina Luzoscu,
Dr. Zaharia Nicolae, Mr. Iancu Petrescu, Dr. Dan Prelipcianu, Min. Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Dr. Aurel Romila, Av. Nicolae Stefanescu-Draganesti,
Dir. Dr. Tomescu, Dr. Alexandru Trifan, Dr. Valeriu Tuculescu, and numerous victims, diplomats, and Romanian citizens. 相似文献
150.
Depression in some patients with spinal cord injuries may be clinically significant and, when present, should be treated to
decrease morbidity including decreased physical functioning. Depression associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) may be misevaluated,
due to (1) nonspecific multifactorial production of depression symptoms and (2) SCI-specific decrease in somatic sensory central
nervous system input. The Somatic Suppression Hypothesis suggests that SCI patients have difficulty experiencing any intense
emotion because of suppression of physiological arousal. In addition, cognitive processes that may reduce depression in SCI
patients include: (1) attribution of somatic symptoms of depression to medical (biological) causes, (2) realistic, positive
expectations for physical improvement, and (3) the perception that the disability of the SCI is only minimally related to
the patient’s self-care after complete evaluation. Health personnel should accept lack of depression in SCI, and should encourage
positive realistic expectations of recovery. 相似文献