Victim Resistance: Theory and Data on Understanding Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

This article reports on a study of perceptions of sexual harassment when a victim offers verbal resistance, and introduces the theoretical application of the notion that women sometimes use token resistance to sexual attention. Perceptions of sexual harassment were examined based on a vignette in which physical or verbal harassment and victim's facial expression were varied. Participants were 337 undergraduates (91% European American, 5% African American, 1% Hispanic American, 1% Asian American). Perceptions of sexual harassment were stronger for physical harassment than verbal harassment, except when the target smiled. Overall, women had stronger perceptions of harassment than did men. Also, a stronger belief in women's use of token resistance to sex was associated with weaker perceptions of sexual harassment. These findings suggest that a number of factors influence perceptions of harassment, even when a victim verbally resists.     

Nudging: A Lesson in the Theatrics of Choice

The aim of this piece is to clarify three key matters: (a) the extent to which, as citizens, our volition is impacted as a result of the implementation of nudges in the health domain; (b) the efficacy of educational campaigns as a means of behavioral change relative to other nudges as well as typical regulatory instruments; and (c) the empirical, theoretical, and practical details that ethical debates concerning nudges might want to consider.     

维吾尔族的灶崇拜

食物是人类生存的首要条件之一。在维吾尔族民间,炉灶总是安置在显眼的位置。灶神崇拜不是一般的社会信仰观念,其历史久远,影响深刻。     

On-Air Slips of the Tongue: A Psycholinguistic-Acoustic Analysis

The sixteen SOTs examined are on-air ones produced by native English TV presenters and anchors. Although these SOTs seem funny, they reflect a great deal about how naturalistic speech is assembled and produced. Acoustic analysis is also brought to bear on the present investigation with the aim of providing accurate findings. Several psycholinguistic models are invoked in the analysis, and Praat 6 is used to provide spectrograms and waveforms for the errors detected. The present study concludes that the SOTs examined in the present corpus reveal much about the processing of erroneous speech. Substitution errors, being the most prominent, exhibit uniform processing through a replacement on phonemic or higher levels. As for anticipation errors, they prove to be irregular in their production. Other errors are sparse in the present corpus, and cannot be generalized over a wide range of instances, since they occur either once or twice.

     

Development and initial validation of the Self-harm Behavior Questionnaire.

Evaluation of suicide-related behaviors and thoughts about suicide with a newly developed self-report instrument is described. The Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ; Gutierrez, 1998) generates detailed clinical information from an easy to administer and score self-report form. A sample of 342 participants were drawn from university undergraduate students enrolled in various psychology courses. Participants were then divided into a severe suicidal ideation group (n = 20) and a nonsuicidal control group (n = 20) to conduct subgroup and criterion-related validity analyses. Preliminary analyses indicate this new questionnaire is both valid and reliable when used with young adults drawn from a nonclinical population. The questionnaire should be of use to both clinicians and researchers due to the flexibility of the data generated.     

Mental slowing in elderly persons: a cognitive psychophysiological analysis

In recent attempts to formulate an integrative model of mental slowing in elderly persons, regression analyses have been done in which reaction-time data from a large number of studies spanning a broad range of speeded decision-making tasks were combined. The results of these meta-analyses were then used to support the conclusion that there is a generalized, proportional decline in mental processing speed among elderly adults that affects all elements of mentation equally. We present a series of similar regression analyses in which both reaction time and the latency of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential are included. The results of these analyses indicate that there are elements of mental processing that may be slowed additively, not proportionately, in older persons. Furthermore, the results raise some questions about the logic underlying the interpretation of the meta-regression analysis.     

The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: Evaluation of Psychometric Properties

The present investigations examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of two new self-report measures of social phobia, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS). A confirmatory factor analysis in Study I provided support for the fit of a two-factor model of the SIAS and SPS. Internal consistency estimates were high for the original two scales with a sample of 200 undergraduates. Also, using an item parceling procedure, the obtained internal consistency reliability indices for each parcel were acceptable. Results of the CFA in Study II provided support for the factorial stability of the model identified in Study I. Furthermore, multisample analyses showed invariant patterns for factor loadings and factor correlations across 138 men and 272 women. Gender differences were not observed in the mean SIAS and SPS scale and item scores. Both scales correlated negatively and significantly with measures of social desirability. Concurrent validity was established for the scales. The SPS was less specific than the SIAS to symptoms of social phobia.     

Binaural masking of tones by tones: Effects of uncertainty regarding the phase angle of addition of signal to masker

This paper compares performance in tone-on-tone coherent binaural masking for conditions with and without listener knowledge concerning the phase angle of addition of the signal to the masker. Uncertainty was introduced by randomizing the four phase angles: 0, 45, 90, and 135 deg. Stimuli were 125-msec tone bursts at 250 Hz. The results showed a clear decrement in detection performance under the uncertainty condition at 135 deg, with weaker evidence for decrements at other phase angle values. This supports the assumption that the decision process was a function of the phase angle in previous studies of binaural tone-on-tone masking.     

The beck anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties in a community population

This study presents data on the norms and psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), using a sample of 225 community adult volunteers. Maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analyses of previously published models of the BAI: a two-factor model and a five-factor model, showed that the fit of each model was unacceptable. Also, the fit of the single-factor model was poor. Exploratory principal-components analyses with varimax and oblique rotations suggested four BAI components within this sample. Satisfactory levels of reliability were established for the BAI subscales. Finally, the relations between the BAI total and subscale scores and a related measure of anxiety and with another self-report measure of psychological distress were examined.This paper was presented at the 27th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Atlanta, Georgia, November 1993.