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981.
Michael E Kelley Dorothea C Lerman Wayne W Fisher Henry S Roane Amanda N Zangrillo 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,96(1):107-122
Signals during delays to reinforcement may lessen reductions in responding that typically occur when there is a delay between a response and its reinforcer. Sparse applied research has been devoted to understanding the conditions under which responding may be maintained when delays to reinforcement are introduced. We evaluated the extent to which providing signals during delay fading affected responding in the context of differential reinforcement of communication responses. Three individuals were exposed to gradually increasing signaled and unsignaled reinforcement delays in multiple‐schedule and/or withdrawal designs. Results for 2 of 3 participants suggested that (a) the presence of signals facilitated response maintenance under delayed reinforcement and (b) coordinated basic and applied research may advance both conceptual understanding and clinical outcomes of delayed reinforcement. 相似文献
982.
Knäuper B McCollam A Rosen-Brown A Lacaille J Kelso E Roseman M 《Psychology & health》2011,26(5):601-617
Forming implementation intentions ('If I encounter situation X, then I will perform behaviour Y!') increases the probability of carrying out goals. This study tested the hypothesis that mental imagery targeting key elements of implementation intentions further increases goal achievement. The residents of a student residence were assigned the goal of consuming extra portions of fruit every day for 7 days and randomly assigned to one of four conditions: control (active rehearsal), implementation intentions, goal intention mental imagery or mental imagery targeted to the implementation intentions. Among low fruit consumers, but not high fruit consumers, fruit consumption at follow-up was higher in the targeted mental imagery group than in the other group, with the lowest fruit consumption in the control group. The findings suggest that it may be beneficial to use targeted mental imagery when forming implementation intentions. 相似文献
983.
Co-Rumination in the Workplace: Adjustment Trade-offs for Men and Women Who Engage in Excessive Discussions of Workplace Problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dana L. Haggard Christopher Robert Amanda J. Rose 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(1):27-40
Purpose
Developmental psychology research finds that when children and adolescents engage in excessive discussion of problems with friends, a phenomenon termed “co-rumination,” they experience trade-offs between negative adjustment outcomes (e.g., depression), but better friendship quality. This study examines the possibility that adults in the workplace engage in co-rumination about workplace problems, and that co-rumination, gender, and the presence of abusive supervision influence both positive and negative individual outcomes. 相似文献984.
Joah L. Williams Meghan E. McDevitt-Murphy Jordan A. Fields Frank W. Weathers Amanda M. Flood 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):531-539
Posttraumatic stress disorder has been associated with adverse health outcomes. The extent to which the health effects of
PTSD differ from other diagnoses has not been explored empirically. The current study investigated the Multidimensional Health
Profile (including both Psychosocial and Health factors), across three diagnostic groups and one group of well-adjusted participants
(N = 92) in a contrasted-groups design. Participants were all trauma-exposed and were assessed using structured clinical interviews.
The PTSD and depression groups tended to differ from the social phobia and well-adjusted groups. Both the PTSD and depression
groups demonstrated elevated profiles on variables assessing psychological distress, negative social exchange, and hypochondriasis.
Results are consistent with prior research suggesting PTSD is associated with worse psychological and health functioning relative
to trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD, although these health outcomes seem to differ little between those with PTSD and
those with depression. 相似文献
985.
Most research on adult attachment is based on the assumption that working models are relatively general and trait-like. Recent research, however, suggests that people develop attachment representations that are relationship-specific, leading people to hold distinct working models in different relationships. The authors report a measure, the Relationship Structures questionnaire of the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-RS; R. C. Fraley, N. G. Waller, & K. A. Brennan, 2000), that is designed to assess attachment dimensions in multiple contexts. Based on a sample of over 21,000 individuals studied online, it is shown that ECR-RS scores are reliable and have a structure similar to those produced by other measures. In Study 2 (N = 388), it is shown that relationship-specific measures of attachment generally predict intra- and interpersonal outcomes better than broader attachment measures but that broader measures predict personality traits better than relationship-specific measures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that differentiation in working models is not related to psychological outcomes independently of mean levels of security. 相似文献
986.
Why does visual working memory performance increase with age in childhood? One recent study ( Cowan et al., 2010b ) ruled out the possibility that the basic cause is a tendency in young children to clutter working memory with less‐relevant items (within a concurrent array, colored items presented in one of two shapes). The age differences in memory performance, however, theoretically could result from inadequate encoding of the briefly presented array items by younger children. We replicated the key part of the procedure in children 6–8 and 11–13 years old and college students (total N = 90), but with a much slower, sequential presentation of the items to ensure adequate encoding. We also required verbal responses during encoding to encourage or discourage labeling of item information. Although verbal labeling affected performance, age differences persisted across labeling conditions, further supporting the existence of a basic growth in capacity. 相似文献
987.
This study examined the relative efficacy of explicit instruction and indirect priming on young children's behavior in a task that required a series of choices between a small immediate reward and a larger delayed reward. One hundread and six 4-year-old children were randomly assigned to one of four conditions involving one of two goals (maximize rewards or obtain immediate rewards) and one of two types of instruction (indirect priming using stories or explicit verbal instructions). Children were more likely to make goal-congruent choices as a result of indirect priming, but there was no effect of explicit instruction, suggesting that indirect approaches to changing young children's behavior may be more effective than direct approaches under some circumstances. These results have implications for understanding the dynamic interplay between bottom-up and top-down influences on self-regulation early in development. 相似文献
988.
989.
This study conducts an exploratory factor analysis on Wickman’s (2004) Pastors at Risk Inventory that measures the likelihood of whether clergy may face forced or unforced resignation. An online
survey was administered to 285 evangelical pastors containing 42 Likert-type items developed from 20 years of qualitative
practitioner ministry among clergy. The two factors identified—vision conflict and compassion fatigue—are discussed in relation
to the extant literature and in their unique function with clergy. Results indicate that varying levels of disparity typically
exist between expected ministry outcomes and actual ministry experiences, and that vision conflict and compassion fatigue
are more likely among clergy who lack a support team and/or whose church has recently plateaued or declined in attendance. 相似文献
990.
Gavin Amanda Roche Bryan Ruiz Maria R. Hogan Maria O’Reilly Anthony 《The Psychological record》2012,62(1):55-68
The Psychological Record - The current study assessed the sexual categorization of children among a random sample of adults from the general population. Twenty-seven males and 27 females (N = 54)... 相似文献