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191.
192.
In recent years, operant discrimination training procedures have been used to teach giant African pouched rats to detect tuberculosis (TB) in human sputum samples. This article summarizes how the rats are trained and used operationally, as well as their performance in studies published to date. Available data suggest that pouched rats, which can evaluate many samples quickly, are sufficiently accurate in detecting TB to merit further investigation as a diagnostic tool. 相似文献
193.
194.
Gammon AD Rothwell E Simmons R Lowery JT Ballinger L Hill DA Boucher KM Kinney AY 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(6):625-638
This study was an investigation of awareness, cognitions, and psychosocial and educational needs related to genetic counseling
and testing among Latinas and non-Latina whites at increased risk for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Sixty-three Latina and eighty-four non-Latina white women completed telephone surveys employing a mixture of quantitative
and qualitative questions assessing awareness, benefits, risks, barriers, and genetic counseling communication preferences
regarding BRCA1/2 testing. Among participants who had not previously had genetic counseling/testing, 56.9% of Latinas (29/51) and 34.8% of
non-Latina white participants (24/69) were unaware of the availability of BRCA1/2 testing. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Latina ethnicity was the only statistically significant independent
factor associated with lack of awareness (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.19–0.35). No appreciable differences were noted between ethnic
groups regarding perceived benefits of BRCA1/2 testing or desired genetic counseling topics. These findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness of cancer
genetic counseling and genetic testing among both Latina and non-Latina white populations. 相似文献
195.
Statistical properties in the visual environment can be used to improve performance on visual working memory (VWM) tasks. The current study examined the ability to incidentally learn that a change is more likely to occur to a particular feature dimension (shape, color, or location) and use this information to improve change detection performance for that dimension (the change probability effect). Participants completed a change detection task in which one change type was more probable than others. Change probability effects were found for color and shape changes, but not location changes, and intentional strategies did not improve the effect. Furthermore, the change probability effect developed and adapted to new probability information quickly. Finally, in some conditions, an improvement in change detection performance for a probable change led to an impairment in change detection for improbable changes. 相似文献
196.
Feinstein AB Forman EM Masuda A Cohen LL Herbert JD Moorthy LN Goldsmith DP 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2011,18(3):291-298
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a chronic rheumatic disease associated with pain and maladjustment. This study investigated
whether pain, acceptance of pain, and psychological inflexibility uniquely predicted functional disability, anxiety, general
quality of life (QOL), and health-related quality of life (HQOL) among adolescents with JIA. Twenty-three adolescents with
JIA and pain were recruited from a pediatric rheumatology clinic. Participants completed self-report measures pertaining to
the key study variables. A series of multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher pain uniquely predicted higher
functional disability. Greater psychological inflexibility uniquely predicted higher anxiety, lower general QOL, and lower
HQOL. Increases in acceptance of pain were found to be uniquely related to increases in general QOL. These data confirm prior
findings that pain impacts functioning, and provide preliminary findings that psychological inflexibility and acceptance may
be important targets of psychological intervention for youth with JIA and pain to improve functioning and QOL. 相似文献
197.
When asked to ‘find three forks’, adult speakers of English use the noun ‘fork’ to identify units for counting. However, when number words (e.g. three) and quantifiers (e.g. more, every) are used with unfamiliar words (‘Give me three blickets’) noun‐specific conceptual criteria are unavailable for picking out units. This poses a problem for young children learning language, who begin to use quantifiers and number words by age 2, despite knowing a relatively small number of nouns. Without knowing how individual nouns pick out units of quantification – e.g. what counts as a blicket– how could children decide whether there are three blickets or four? Three experiments suggest that children might solve this problem by assigning ‘default units’ of quantification to number words, quantifiers, and number morphology. When shown objects that are broken into arbitrary pieces, 4‐year‐olds in Experiment 1 treated pieces as units when counting, interpreting quantifiers, and when using singular–plural morphology. Experiment 2 found that although children treat object‐hood as sufficient for quantification, it is not necessary. Also sufficient for individuation are the criteria provided by known nouns. When two nameable things were glued together (e.g. two cups), children counted the glued things as two. However, when two arbitrary pieces of an object were put together (e.g. two parts of a ball), children counted them as one, even if they had previously counted the pieces as two. Experiment 3 found that when the pieces of broken things were nameable (e.g. wheels of a bicycle), 4‐year‐olds did not include them in counts of whole objects (e.g. bicycles). We discuss the role of default units in early language acquisition, their origin in acquisition, and how children eventually acquire an adult semantics identifying units of quantification. 相似文献
198.
Though there is a deep literature on factors that predict college attendance and on the effects of college attendance on students’
development, there has been little research on what education actually means to students themselves. This study was conducted
to examine whether materialism, intrinsic aspirations, and the search for meaning in life predicted a set of ten meanings
that students are known to associate with their education. Multiple regression analyses indicated that students who were high
on materialism viewed their education as an opportunity to gain independence, a chance to establish relationships, and a source
of stress. Individuals high on intrinsic aspirations were more likely to see education as a time for career preparation, gaining
independence, exploring future life directions, learning, engaging in personal growth, establishing social relationships,
and learning skills to make a difference in the world, but they were less likely to view education as an escape from future
responsibilities. As expected, the findings also revealed that individuals who sought meaning in life viewed education as
a way to gain independence, explore life directions, engage in personal growth, establish relationships, learn skills that
will help change the world, and escape future responsibilities. 相似文献
199.
Jesse Owen Zac Imel Karen W. Tao Bruce Wampold Amanda Smith Emil Rodolfa 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2011,11(3):204-212
Aim: To determine whether or not clients' perceptions of microaggressions varied based on their own and the therapist's race/ethnicity and whether or not they would be negatively related to the effectiveness of therapy and if the working alliance would mediate this effect. Method: The study utilised a cross‐sectional, retrospective, methodology. Clients were recruited from a large university counselling centre in the United States (N=232 clients and 29 therapists). Results: Neither clients' race/ethnicity, therapists’ race/ethnicity, nor client‐therapist ethnic matching predicted perceptions of microaggressions. Clients' ratings of microaggressions were negatively associated with their psychological wellbeing; however, this effect was mediated by clients' ratings of the working alliance. Implications: Therapists should take into account the cultural messages they may be conveying to both white and racial/ethnic minority clients. Therapists should develop strategies that are consistent with a general therapeutic approach that promotes discussions about culture with their clients and, most importantly, should attend to the therapeutic relationship. 相似文献
200.
The purpose of this study was to examine the "lived experience" of Asian Indian (AI)-White couples in interracial marriages. Ten highly educated AI-White professional couples were individually interviewed about their subjective experience of being in an interracial marriage, the challenges and strengths of this marriage, and the potential role of culture in their marriages. Data were analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research methodology. Results indicated that the couples' marital experiences were influenced by a complex intersection of ecosystemic factors with significant psychological impacts. These findings highlight shortcomings in drawing simplistic conclusions regarding the success or failure of an interracial marriage and have important implications for theory, research, and clinical practice. 相似文献