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951.
Diekman AB Clark EK Johnston AM Brown ER Steinberg M 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,101(5):902-918
The goal congruity perspective posits that 2 distinct social cognitions predict attraction to science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields. First, individuals may particularly value communal goals (e.g., working with or helping others), due to either chronic individual differences or the salience of these goals in particular contexts. Second, individuals hold beliefs about the activities that facilitate or impede these goals, or goal affordance stereotypes. Women's tendency to endorse communal goals more highly than do men, along with consensual stereotypes that STEM careers impede communal goals, intersect to produce disinterest in STEM careers. We provide evidence for the foundational predictions that gender differences emerge primarily on communal rather than agentic goals (Studies 1a and 3) and that goal affordance stereotypes reflect beliefs that STEM careers are relatively dissociated from communal goals (Studies 1b and 1c). Most critically, we provide causal evidence that activated communal goals decrease interest in STEM fields (Study 2) and that the potential for a STEM career to afford communal goals elicits greater positivity (Study 3). These studies thus provide a novel demonstration that understanding communal goals and goal affordance stereotypes can lend insight into attitudes toward STEM pursuits. 相似文献
952.
Wilson K Mattingly BA Clark EM Weidler DJ Bequette AW 《The Journal of social psychology》2011,151(1):63-86
Prior research has distinguished between emotional versus sexual infidelity. Two studies examined the development of the Perceptions of Dating Infidelity Scale (PDIS) to assess attitudes toward specific behaviors that constitute these types of infidelity in romantic relationships. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated three factors to the scale: Ambiguous, Deceptive, and Explicit behaviors. In both studies, there were gender differences on ratings of the behaviors. The construct validity of the scale was assessed with measures of sociosexual orientation, guilt, and coping with unwanted sexual situations. It was found that the Ambiguous behaviors were positively correlated with avoidance of unwanted sexual situations, while the Deceptive and Explicit scales were positively correlated with guilt and avoidance and negatively associated with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation and acting on attractions toward friends. 相似文献
953.
Mahoney AM Miguel CF Ahearn WH Bell J 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2011,95(2):237-262
The purpose of this study was to assess the role of common motor responses as the "speaker" behavior on stimulus class formation, and the emergence of functional classes. Experiment 1 examined whether training one motor response to a set of three stimuli and a second motor response to another set of three stimuli would result in correct category-sort responses for 5 typically developing preschool children. Three of the children passed the categorization tests. Experiment 2 examined whether the classes formed in Experiment 1 were functional classes, and whether participants who did not pass categorization tests in Experiment 1 would do so following common vocal tact training. The 2 participants who failed categorization tests in Experiment 1 passed these tests in Experiment 2, although none of the participants passed the tests for functional classes. The results of the current study did not unequivocally support the naming hypothesis. Future research should therefore evaluate other possible sources of control that aid in stimulus categorization. 相似文献
954.
Amanda Taylor Carlene Wilson Amy Slater Philip Mohr 《Australian journal of psychology》2011,63(4):198-206
The aim of this study was to investigate the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between general parenting and body mass index (BMI) status of children between the ages of 4 and 7 in Australia. A nationally representative sample of 4,423 children (49% female) and their parents was used for the present study. Measures of parental demandingness and responsiveness were completed by parents at child age 4–5 years. Height and weight measurements of children were taken at child age 4–5, and again at 6–7, from which BMI status was calculated. No influence of mothers' parenting on child BMI status was shown, and fathers' responsiveness was found to be predictive of increased risk for overweight/obesity at 6–7 years. While the present study is complicated by measurement issues, findings suggest that increased risk for overweight in young children may be associated with responsiveness in fathers. Obesity prevention programs involving parents should take into account the influence of fathers' parenting on child BMI status. 相似文献
955.
Two studies examined whether perceiving a partner as responsive leads people to be more expressive with that partner, and whether the effects of perceived partner responsiveness on expressivity are moderated by self-esteem. In Study 1, female undergraduates with high or low self-esteem disclosed to a fictitious partner about a sad event. Participants either received an understanding, caring, and validating written response from their ostensible partner or did not receive a response. In Study 2, participants wrote an email, supposedly to another participant, about a sad event and received either a highly responsive or a non-responsive email response. In both studies, partner responsiveness increased expressivity among individuals with low self-esteem but not among individuals with high self-esteem. These results provide the first experimental evidence for Reis and Shaver's (1988) theorizing about responsiveness and self-disclosure. 相似文献
956.
Amanda D. Angie Josh L. Davis Matthew T. Allen Cristina L. Byrne Gregory A. Ruark Cory B. Cunningham Toni S. Hoang Daniel R. Bernard Michael G. Hughes Shane Connelly H. Dan O'Hair Michael D. Mumford 《Journal of applied social psychology》2011,41(3):627-657
Recent acts of violence have demonstrated the impact of violent ideological groups worldwide. However, the systematic study of these groups is somewhat limited. The Internet is a valuable tool for investigating ideological group behavior because it is easily accessible and commonly used by these groups. This study attempted to extend previous research by examining online message boards to assess processes particular to ideological group membership. A content analysis was conducted on several group process variables using 29 groups with message boards. A Kruskal‐Wallis test with follow‐up pairwise comparisons was used to find that violent ideological groups differed from nonviolent ideological and nonviolent nonideological groups on 7 group process variables and 3 content variables. Implications are discussed. 相似文献
957.
Mark Baetz Lucia Zivcakova Eileen Wood Amanda Nosko Domenica De Pasquale Karin Archer 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2011,9(3):217-234
The present study assessed business students’ responses to an innovative interactive presentation on academic integrity that
employed quoted material from previous students as launching points for discussion. In total, 15 business classes (n = 412 students) including 2nd, 3rd and 4th year level students participated in the presentations as part of the ethics component
of ongoing courses. Students’ perceptions of the importance of academic integrity, self-reports of cheating behaviors, and
factors contributing to misconduct were examined along with perceptions about the presentation. Discussion sessions revealed
that academic misconduct is a complex issue. For example, knowledge of what constitutes misconduct was not consistent across
domains (e.g. exam contexts versus group work), penalties were not wholly known, and there was variation in perceived responsibility
for reporting and representing academic integrity. Survey measures revealed that self-reported academic misconduct was more
prevalent than expected with only 7.5% of students indicating they had never cheated in any way. Furthermore, results showed
gender and year of study as predictive factors for issues related to academic misconduct. In general, students were receptive
to this form of presentation. The implications of such instructional interventions for enhancing ethical behaviors in higher
education classrooms are discussed. 相似文献
958.
Poehlmann J Schwichtenberg AJ Bolt DM Hane A Burnson C Winters J 《Developmental psychology》2011,47(1):91-105
This longitudinal study examined predictors of rates of growth in dyadic interaction quality in children born preterm who did not experience significant neurological findings during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization. Multiple methods were used to collect data from 120 preterm infants (48% girls, 52% boys) and their mothers. Infant heart rate variability (HRV), gestational age, neonatal health, feeding route, and maternal socioeconomic (SES) risks were assessed at NICU discharge (mean of 36 weeks postconception). Mother-child interactions were observed at 4, 9, 16, and 24 months postterm and analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling. On average, children's quality of play, interest, and attention increased over time while their dysregulation and irritability decreased, whereas average maternal positive affect and involvement declined in quality (ps < .05), although there was individual variation in rates of change. Mothers of infants with higher postfeeding HRV (i.e., vagal regulation) exhibited less decrease in positive affect and involvement between 4 months and 24 months, compared with mothers of infants with lower HRV (p < .05). Although infants with higher postfeeding HRV showed less positive affect and communication at 4 months, they exhibited significantly greater increases in positive affect and social competence and decreases in dysregulation and irritability between 4 months and 24 months, compared with infants with lower HRV (ps < .05). Dyads experiencing more SES risks showed less optimal interactions at 4 months; this difference remained as children grew older (ps < .05). Results have implications for our understanding of social development in preterm infants. 相似文献
959.
Rusty B. McIntyre René M. Paulson Cheryl A. Taylor Amanda L. Morin Charles G. Lord 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(3):301-311
Previous research has shown that exposure to successful role models can restore performance that had been impaired by stereotype threat, and that some role models are more effective than others. The present research examined the effects of role model deservingness on women's mathematics test performance after being placed under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, a woman who attained success by herself (deserved) proved a more effective role model than an equally likable and successful woman whose success was handed to her (not deserved). In Experiment 2, women role models proved more effective at combating stereotype threat when their successes were attributable to internal‐stable (deserved) than external‐unstable (not deserved) causes, an effect that was partially mediated by reduction in extra‐task thinking. The results are seen as having implications for theories of stereotype threat and causal attribution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
960.
Christopher R. Erbes Paul A. Arbisi Shannon M. Kehle Amanda G. Ferrier-Auerbach Robin A. Barry Melissa A. Polusny 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(5):508-512
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to investigate the distinctiveness of hardiness (using the Short Hardiness Scale; Bartone, 1995) from the broader personality traits of negative emotionality and positive emotionality (NEM and PEM; assessed with items from the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales); in a sample of 981 Army National Guard soldiers. Exploratory factor analyses demonstrated that hardiness items loaded on a separate factor from PEM and NEM items, and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that hardiness is not simply a sub-facet of either PEM or NEM. However, subsequent regression analyses found that hardiness did not predict symptoms of PTSD or depression beyond the effects of PEM and NEM among combat exposed soldiers. 相似文献