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221.
Reaction time (RT) in simple categorization tasks was predicted to vary as a function of the relatedness among environmental items. Differences in RT were interpreted as reflecting differences in proximity or strength of associations in environmental memory. In Experiment 1, subjects sorted names of familiar local buildings according to which seemed to go together. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed major clusters whose members were related in function and, within these, smaller clusters of buildings related by spatial proximity. In Experiment 2, subjects responded “Yes” if two items on a trial were both local buildings and “No” if one item was local and one nonlocal. Subjects responded significantly faster to pairs taken from the cluster analysis that were related by both spatial proximity and function than they did to unrelated pairs or pairs related in function only. In Experiment 3, a free-associaton task identified related pairs of spatially proximate, functionally dissimilar environmental items. In Experiment 4, RTs to these pairs did not differ from RTs to pairs of spatially proximate, functionally dissimilar items or from RTs to pairs unrelated functionally and spatially. Spatial proximity and functional similarity together contribute to the organization in memory of buildings in the physical environment. 相似文献
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While research has demonstrated that interparental conflict is associated with poor child and adolescent functioning, studies have not yet addressed the characteristics of such conflict. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to report reliability and validity data of a questionnaire, the Interparental Conflict Questionnaire (ICQ), designed to assess the nature of interparental conflict more thoroughly than has been done previously, and (2) to compare the nature of such conflict in a married and divorced sample. Fifty-five married and 46 divorced parents, all of whom had a young adolescent, participated by completing two questionnaires: the O'Leary-Porter Scale and the ICQ. Validity (e.g., correlation with the O'Leary-Porter Scale) was generally acceptable for the ICQ, whereas test-retest reliability tended to be moderate to low. Additional findings indicated that heated arguments rarely occurred. Furthermore, in comparing married and divorced parents, the former discussed issues more and, to some extent, the latter argued more. However, one of the most striking aspects of the findings was the similarity of the married and divorced samples in terms of their conflict. Implications of the findings for understanding and explaining the role of interparental conflict in child and adolescent functioning are explored.This study was supported, in part, by the William T. Grant Foundation and the University of Georgia's Institute for Behavioral Research. 相似文献
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Mary Amanda Dew Evelyn J. Bromet Herbert C. Schulberg 《Journal of applied social psychology》1987,17(12):1071-1091
Little is known about the conditions under which beliefs and attitudes about an issue or event will persist over time. The present research took advantage of a “natural experiment”, namely, the Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear accident, in order (a) better to understand the nature of individuals' b]eliefs about a major event to which they were exposed and (b) to evaluate a conceptual formulation developed from laboratory-based experimental literature concerning when beliefs and attitudes are likely to be temporally persistent. Data were collected over a 3-year period following the accident from two samples of community residents: mothers of young children who lived within a 10-mile radius of TMI and TMI nuclear power plant employees. Samples of mothers and workers from a western Pennsylvania comparison site were also included in the study design. Results supported the persistence model in several respects. First, TMI subjects' b]eliefs, although more extreme than comparison subjects' v]iews, showed virtually no change during the study period. Second, the factors that the model suggests should account for the observed persistence were indeed consistently important predictors of TMI subjects' b]eliefs over time. Implications of the results for future applied work on long-term reactions to major events are discussed. 相似文献
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A lack of human interaction and environmental control in Internet-based data collection have been suggested as possible antecedents of careless responding, which occurs when participants respond to survey items without regard for item content. To address these possible antecedents, this study investigated whether survey proctoring deterred careless response in an undergraduate sample by reducing environmental distractions. The study randomly assigned respondents to one of three proctoring conditions: remote online un-proctored, remote online virtually proctored, and in-person classroom proctored. Data quality was examined via nine careless response indicators. Analyses indicated that proctor presence had effects on a small number of careless response indicators. Virtually proctored participants performed better than un-proctored participants on one of nine careless response indicators, and in-person proctored participants performed better on two careless response indicators compared to un-proctored participants. Environmental distraction fully mediated the relationship between in-person proctor presence and self-reported diligence. Implications for survey administration are discussed. 相似文献
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In Experiment 1, the reintroduction of the same ambient odour (lemon or lavender) improved performance four weeks later in both free recall and recognition of a word list. This was a cross‐over design that allowed direct comparison between congruent and incongruent odour conditions. A further comparison with an additional group showed that memory was not improved by the presence of a different odour. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of two odour cues (lemon and lavender) in the same cross‐over design using three learning and memory tests: (1) free recall of a word list; (2) problem solving; and (3) spatial learning. While recall of the word list and spatial learning were best when the same odour was present at both learning and test, there was no such context‐dependent effect for the problem‐solving task. However, the presence of the lavender odour at test improved performance in the problem‐solving task, irrespective of the odour present at the first exposure. Thus although lavender had some effect on problem solving, we saw context‐dependent retrieval only in free recall and spatial learning. We discuss the implications of this dissociation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献