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61.
Jonathan E. Adler 《Philosophia》1989,19(2-3):227-243
62.
63.
Clark SE Abbe A Larson RP 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2006,32(6):1266-1273
S. E. Clark, A. Hori, A. Putnam, and T. J. Martin (2000) showed that collaboration on a recognition memory task produced facilitation in recognition of targets but had inconsistent and sometimes negative effects regarding distractors. They accounted for these results within the framework of a dual-process, recall-plus-familiarity model but showed only weak evidence to support it. The present results of 3 experiments present stronger evidence for Clark et al.'s dual-process view and also show why such evidence is difficult to obtain. 相似文献
64.
Disorder-congruent interpretations of ambiguous stimuli characterize several psychological disorders and have been implicated in their maintenance. Models of insomnia have highlighted the importance of cognitive processes, but the possibility that biased interpretations are important has been minimally investigated. Hence, a priming methodology was employed to investigate the presence of an interpretive bias in insomnia. A sample of 78 participants, differing in the presence of a diagnosis of insomnia, severity of sleep disturbance, and sleepiness, was required to read ambiguous sentences and make a lexical decision about target words that followed. Sleepiness at the time of the experiment was associated with the likelihood with which participants made insomnia and threat consistent interpretations of ambiguous sentences. The results suggest that there is a general bias towards threatening interpretations when individuals are sleepy and suggests that cognitive accounts of insomnia require revision to include a role for interpretative bias when people are sleepy. Future research is required to investigate whether this interpretive bias plays a causal role in the maintenance of insomnia. 相似文献
65.
Sullivan AR 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2010,49(4):740-753
Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, I examine the relationship between adult mortality and religious affiliation. I test whether mortality differences associated with religious affiliation can be attributed to differences in socioeconomic status (years of education and household wealth), attendance at religious services, or health behaviors, particularly cigarette and alcohol consumption. A baseline report of attendance at religious services is used to avoid confounding effects of deteriorating health. Socioeconomic status explains some but not all of the mortality difference. While Catholics, Evangelical Protestants, and Black Protestants benefit from favorable attendance patterns, attendance (or lack of) at services explains much of the higher mortality of those with no religious preference. Health behaviors do not mediate the relationship between mortality and religion, except among Evangelical Protestants. Not only does religion matter, but studies examining the effect of "religiosity" need to consider differences by religious affiliation. 相似文献
66.
Amori Yee Mikami Allison Jack Christina C. Emeh Haley F. Stephens 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(6):721-736
We examined associations between children’s peer relationships and (a) their parents’ social competence as well as (b) their
parents’ behaviors during the children’s peer interactions. Participants were families of 124 children ages 6–10 (68% male),
62 with ADHD and 62 age- and sex-matched comparison youth. Children’s peer relationships were assessed via parent and teacher
report, and sociometric nominations in a lab-based playgroup. Parental characteristics were assessed via parent self-report
and observations of behavior during their child’s playgroup. After statistical control of relevant covariates, parents of
children with ADHD reported poorer social skills of their own, arranged fewer playdates for their children, and displayed
more criticism during their child’s peer interaction than did parents of comparison youth. Parents’ socialization with other
parents and facilitation of the child’s peer interactions predicted their children having good peer relationships as reported
by teachers and peers, whereas parental corrective feedback to the child and praise predicted poor peer relationships. Parents’
ratings of their child’s social skills were positively associated with ratings of their own social skills, but negatively
associated with criticism and facilitation of the child’s peer interactions. Relationships between parental behaviors and
peer relationships were stronger for youth with ADHD than for comparison youth. The relevance of findings to interventions
is discussed. 相似文献
67.
Previous accounts of the memory distortion known as the change-of-standard effect hypothesize that participants form a relative impression of a target at encoding and later use that impression with the average
of all items to recall the target (Higgins & Lurie, 1983). In three experiments, we investigated the standard and the integration
of the standard with the relative impression. Experiments 1 and 2 show that participants’ subjective average at recall is
distorted toward recent stimuli: It is computed when required and is therefore affected by the items’ accessibility at that
time. Furthermore, the impression’s influence on recall is relatively small when the context changes between encoding and
decoding. Experiment 3 shows that this change in the impression’s influence occurs only when the participant integrates information
across sessions, suggesting that such tasks make participants aware of the changed context and cause them to adjust the use
of their impression in recalling the target. 相似文献
68.
Although numerous studies have attempted to understand the causes of various forms of police misconduct, there is still no clear theoretical explanation of police misbehavior. Akers’ social learning theory posits that peer associations, attitudes, reinforcement, and modeling are predictors of delinquency and crime in general. With this article, we seek to determine if the theory can account for police deviance. Data from a random sample of Philadelphia police officers are used to examine how officer attitudes and perceptions of peer behavior are related to citizen complaints of police misconduct. Findings suggest that social learning theory provides a useful explanation of police misconduct. 相似文献
69.
The trunk muscle transversus abdominis (TrA) is thought to be controlled independently of the global trunk muscles. Methodological issues in the 1990s research such as unilateral electromyography and a limited range of arm movements justify a re-examination of this theory. The hypothesis tested is that TrA bilateral co-contraction is a typical muscle synergy during arm movement. The activity of 6 pairs of trunk and lower limb muscles was recorded using bilateral electromyography during anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) associated with the arm movements. The integrated APA electromyographical signals were analyzed for muscle synergy using Principle Component Analysis. TrA does not typically bilaterally co-contract during arm movements (1 out of 6 participants did). APA muscle activity of all muscles during asymmetrical arm movements typically reflected a direction specific diagonal pattern incorporating a twisting motion to transfer energy from the ground up. This finding is not consistent with the hypothesis that TrA plays a unique role providing bilateral, feedforward, multidirectional stiffening of the spine. This has significant implications to the theories underlying the role of TrA in back pain and in the training of isolated bilateral co-contraction of TrA in the prophylaxis of back pain. 相似文献
70.
Theoretical models suggest a positive relationship between sleep quality and individuals' ability to regulate emotion. However, few studies have empirically tested this hypothesised link using standardised laboratory measures of emotion-regulation ability. The present research examined the relationship between sleep quality and the ability to implement a type of emotion regulation that has particularly important implications for psychological health: cognitive reappraisal (cognitively reframing an emotional event so as to dampen its impact). To do so, 156 participants (86 male) reported on their past week's sleep quality. Their ability to implement cognitive reappraisal (CRA) was then measured with a standardised laboratory challenge. Participants with poorer self-reported sleep quality exhibited lower CRA, even after controlling for fourteen potential key confounds (e.g., age, negative affect, mood disorder symptoms, stress). This finding is consistent with the idea that poorer sleep quality impairs individuals' ability to engage in the crucial task of regulating negative emotions. 相似文献