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231.
Ss in three experiments searched through an array of pictures or words for a target item that had been presented as a picture or a word. In Experiments I and II, the pictures were line drawings of familiar objects and the words were their printed labels; in Experiment III, the stimuli were photographs of the faces of famous people and their corresponding printed names. Search times in Experiments I and II were consistently faster when the array items were pictures than when they were words, regardless of the mode of the target items. Search was also faster with pictures than with words as targets when the search array also consisted of pictures, but target mode had no consistent effect with words as array items. Experiment III yielded a completely different pattern of results: Search time with names as targets and faces as search array items was significantly slower than in the other three conditions, which did not differ from each other. Considered in relation to several theories, the results are most consistent with a dual-coding interpretation. That is, items that are cognitively represented both verbally and as nonverbal images can be searched and compared in either mode, depending on the demands of the task. The mode actually used depends on whether the search must be conducted through an array of pictures or words. 相似文献
232.
An interactive graphics system has been implemented for tutorial purposes and for research in man-machine communication of structural digraphs. An IMLAC intelligent terminal with lightpen input is used in conjunction with a NOVA minicomputer. Successful applications in linguistics and engineering problem solving will be discussed, the latter one in detail. 相似文献
233.
234.
M. Louise Clark J. Allan Cheyne Charles E. Cunningham Linda S. Siegel 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1988,16(1):1-15
A sequential observational approach was used to compare peer interactions in 10 mixed dyads of ADD-H and non-Add-H boys and 10 dyads of non-ADD-H boys in laboratory cooperative and school classroom task analogue activities. Mixed dyads were found to have a greater frequency of aggression and less joint activity than control dyads in specific situations. No differences were found for measures of functional attention as measured by frequency, duration, and mean duration of task-oriented behavior. Lag sequential analyses revealed two major sequences that differentiated mixed from normal dyads. These were Verbal Reciprocity (a measure of reciprocal verbal interaction) and Retreat (a measure of social withdrawal following aggression). 相似文献
235.
Kay Donahue Jennings Vaughan Stagg Allan Pallay 《American journal of community psychology》1988,16(6):793-809
Data on important methodological problems in assessing support networks is presented. Stability (over 1 year) and construct validity were examined in two groups of mothers of preschool children. One group of mothers had children with a physical handicap (n = 25); the other group had normally developing children (n = 44). When their children were 4 years of age and again at 5 years of age, mothers' support networks were assessed with the Pattison Psychosocial Kinship Inventory (a semistructured interview) and a log diary. Results indicated considerable stability in mothers' support networks over the 1-year period. In addition, agreement across methods was fairly high despite marked differences in format, providing evidence for the construct of support networks. Further evidence for construct validity was provided by generally low correlations between support network variables and other measures of social ecology. Findings were roughly similar for both groups of mothers indicating general replicability of findings. 相似文献
236.
Carol Chomsky found evidence to support the notion that children have not mastered the syntactic form of the sentence John is easy to see until after the age of 8 years. However, she failed to control for the effects the visual stimulus might have had on the child's understanding of the stimulus question. This study reexamined Chomsky's conclusions by using two experimental conditions. The first condition was an exact replication of Chomsky's method, while the second included a control for the biasing effects produced by the visual stimulus. The results confirmed the authors' suspicions that the visual stimulus was indeed distorting Chomsky's findings and that, on the average, children were able to decode this particular syntactic form by the age of 67 months. These findings are discussed from the perspective of Bruner's theory, which states that cognitive processes of children under 8 years of age are dominated by the iconic mode of representation. 相似文献
237.
238.
H. Allan Sproles Edward E. Panther James E. Lanier 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1978,57(4):210-212
The new federal law pertaining to the education of handicapped students requires that all students must be provided with an adequate educational program. Specific procedures and requirements are mandated. The implementation of the law places new demands on the total educational profession and also creates new opportunities to use counseling skills and new avenues for the continued advancement of humane values. 相似文献
239.
240.
In a dynamic visual display which consisted of two alternating frames, each with three line elements, the individual elements which possessed a high degree of spatial correspondence from one frame to the next were paired perceptually and moved about locally. Any remaining elements moved independently and followed different movement rules. When there was no high degree of spatial correspondence of any elements across frames, or when the interval of time between frames was long, the elements behaved as a perceptual unit and moved about as a group. The local pairings and movements appeared to be mediated by a process with different functional characteristics from those of the process which mediated the wholistic movement of the elements as a group. 相似文献