Leadership,creativity and innovation: a meta-analytic review

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the most comprehensive meta-analytic examination of the relationship between leadership and both followers’ creative and innovative performance. Specifically, we examined 13 leadership variables (transformational, transactional, ethical, humble, leader-member exchange, benevolent, authoritarian, entrepreneurial, authentic, servant, empowering, supportive, and destructive) using data from 266 studies. In addition to providing robustly estimated correlations, we explore two theoretically and pragmatically important issues: the relative importance of the different leadership constructs and moderators of the relationship between leadership and employee creativity and innovation. Regrading creative performance, authentic, empowering, and entrepreneurial leadership demonstrated the strongest relationships. For innovative performance, both transactional (contingent reward) and supportive leadership appear particularly relevant. The current study synthesizes an important, burgeoning, diverse body of research, and in doing so, generates nuanced evidence that can be used to guide theoretical advancements, improved research designs, and up-to-date policy recommendations regarding leading for creativity, and innovation.     

The relative effect of cue interaction

It is well established that two predictor cues ( A and B ) of a common outcome interact in that the judgement of the relationship between each cue and the outcome is influenced by the pairing history of the other cue with that outcome. For example, when the contingency of A with an outcome is weaker than the contingency of B with that outcome, the rating of the predictiveness of A is reduced relative to a situation where only A is paired with the outcome. One explanation of such cue interaction effects is provided by the conditional ΔP account. Spellman (1996b) derived a counterintuitive prediction of the conditional ΔP account where cue interaction should not occur under certain conditions even though a relatively poor predictor of an outcome is paired with a relatively good predictor of that outcome. However, Spellman (1996b) did not provide data to evaluate this prediction. In the present paper, we report the relevant data and show that they are consistent with the conditional ΔP account. A competing account of cue interaction is provided by the Rescorla-Wagner (RW) model. We derive the predictions of the RW model for the conditions specified by Spellman (1996b), and show that at asymptote the predictions of the RW model are identical to those of the conditional ΔP account.     

Educational and interpersonal uses of home computers by adolescents with and without specific language impairment

Many uses of new media entail processing language content, yet little is known about the relationship between language ability and media use in young people. This study compares educational versus interpersonal uses of home computers in adolescents with and without a history of specific language impairment (SLI). Participants were 55 17‐year‐olds with SLI and 72 typically developing peers. Measures of frequency and ease of computer use were obtained as well as assessments of participants' psycholinguistic skills. Results showed a strong preference for interpersonal computer use in both groups. Virtually all participants engaged with interpersonal new media, finding them relatively easy to use. In contrast, one third of adolescents with SLI did not use educational applications during a typical week. Regression analyses revealed that lower frequency of educational use was associated with poorer language and literacy skills. However, in adolescents with SLI, this association was mediated by perceived ease of use. The findings show that language ability contributes to new media use and that adolescents with SLI are at a greater risk of low levels of engagement with educational technology.     

Considerations Regarding Online Methods for Suicide‐Related Research and Suicide Risk Assessment

Frequent advances in technology provide new and exciting opportunities for conducting suicide research and suicide risk assessments. However, to the authors' knowledge, best practices for using technology, specifically the Internet, to conduct research protocols involving suicide risk assessments have not been examined. In research contexts, the use of technology for research on suicidal behavior and suicide risk assessment can offer benefits relative to other forms of data collection. These advantages, which include increased validity, feasibility, and efficiency, as well as improvements in data collection and management, are presented. Considerations regarding the implementation of an online system for suicide risk assessment as well as limitations and future directions are discussed.     

Analgesia and other causes of amnesia that mimic post-traumatic amnesia (PTA): A cohort study

Objective. This study explores the possibility that a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) like phenomenon is caused by the administration of drugs in hospital following injury and that this may be observed in patients who have not suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). This work also explored the possibility for an additional contribution to this phenomenon of demographic and psychological variables. Method. Sixty-three orthopaedic patients with no evidence of brain injury were recruited to a two-phase study. Medication records, demographic, and psychological data were obtained at the phase 1. At follow-up interviews (phase 2), psychological data (mood and post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) were again obtained and retrospective assessment of PTA using the Rivermead PTA protocol was carried out in 47 patients. Results. Thirty-eight per cent (N=18) of the total sample (N=47) reported a PTA-like phenomenon despite not having suffered TBI. A logistic regression model including the receipt of opioids, surgery, and anxiety-related variables, was significant in predicting this phenomenon (χ²=22.054, df=4, p≤.01) and accounted for up to 57.5% of variation in the data. Age, either alone or in interaction with opioid use, depression, and PTSD symptoms were not significant predictors. PTA-like phenomenon did not occur without at least one predictive factor. Conclusion. Receiving opioids, undergoing surgery, and suffering clinical levels of anxiety at an early stage following injury, can lead patients who have not suffered a TBI to report a PTA-like phenomenon at follow-up. This suggests that retrospective PTA assessment on actual brain injury patients may also be influenced by these factors.