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321.
Heidi Gazelle Jamie Olson Workman Wesley Allan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(1):1-17
It was hypothesized that children identified by their peers at school as anxious solitary would report more symptoms of social
anxiety disorder on a self report questionnaire and, on the basis of child and parent clinical interviews, receive more diagnoses
of social anxiety disorder and additional anxiety and mood disorders. Participants were 192 children drawn from a community
sample of 688 children attending public elementary schools. Half of these children were selected because they were identified
as anxious solitary by peers and the other half were demographically-matched controls. 192 children provided self reports
of social anxiety disorder symptoms on a questionnaire, and 76 of these children and their parent participated in clinical
interviews. Results indicate that children identified by their peers as anxious solitary in the fall of 4th grade, compared
to control children, were significantly more likely to receive diagnoses of social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and
selective mutism based on parent clinical interviews. Additionally, there was a tendency for these children to be diagnosed
with generalized anxiety disorder and post traumatic stress disorder based on parent clinical interviews. Furthermore, children
who had been identified as anxious solitary at any time in the 3rd or 4th grades were more likely than control children to
report symptoms of social anxiety disorder that fell in the clinical range and to receive diagnoses of social anxiety disorder
and dysthymia (both trends) and major depression (a significant effect) according to parental clinical interview. 相似文献
322.
Janet Kistner Carla Counts‐Allan Stephanie Dunkel Catherine Hardee Drew Corinne David‐Ferdon Cristina Lopez 《Aggressive behavior》2010,36(5):282-291
Sex differences in relational and overt aggression among 3rd (n=176), 4th (n=179), and 5th graders (n=145) from three public schools (n=500; 278 girls) were examined. Nominations of relational aggression increased over time among 4th and 5th grade girls, but not among boys or 3rd grade girls. Among 3rd graders, boys received more nominations for relational aggression than girls. By the end of the 5th grade, girls received more relational aggression nominations than boys. There was also a significant rise in nominations of overt aggression among 5th grade girls, but not among 5th grade boys or younger boys and girls. As expected, boys were more likely than girls to be nominated for overt aggression at all grade levels. The findings are helpful for explaining inconsistencies of earlier research pertaining to sex differences in relational aggression and for advancing our understanding of the causes of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 36:282–291, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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324.
The study investigates the hypothesis that country differences in achievement goals of students are associated with differences
in how students with different achievement goals are perceived by students in different cultures. University students from
Malaysia and the Philippine were asked to complete questionnaires on their achievement goals and on their perceptions of hypothetical
students who exemplify the different achievement goals. The perception questions related to social goals such as peer affiliation,
personal qualities, and likeability. The achievement goals data indicated that Filipino students reported higher levels of
mastery goals compared to their Malaysian counterparts, who in turn reported higher levels of performance approach goals.
Hierarchical regression analysis indicate that country differences in mastery and performance goals can be accounted for by
differences in perceptions of mastery- and performance-goal oriented peers, particularly those perceptions that relate to
social affiliation and social approval. The results are discussed in terms of how achievement goal constructs are perceived
in different countries, and how differences in perception may relate to some social dimensions in the adoption of achievement
goals. 相似文献
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327.
Opponents of male circumcision have increasingly used human rights positions to articulate their viewpoint. We characterize the meaning of the term “human rights.” We discuss these human rights arguments with special attention to the claims of rights to an open future and to bodily integrity. We offer a three-part test under which a parental decision might be considered an unacceptable violation of a child's right. The test considers the impact of the practice on society, the impact of the practice on the individual, and the likelihood of adverse impact. Infant circumcision is permissible under this test. We conclude that infant circumcision may be proscribed as violating local norms, even though it does not violate human rights. 相似文献
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329.
van den Bos K Van Lange PA Lind EA Venhoeven LA Beudeker DA Cramwinckel FM Smulders L van der Laan J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2011,101(4):791-811
This article focuses on social situations in which people are surprised about what is happening and inhibited about how to respond to the situation at hand. We study these situations by examining a classic topic in social psychology: how people respond to receiving better outcomes than are deserved. In these situations, the actions of an authority or a coworker push in the direction of accepting and enjoying the unfair outcome, whereas personal values for most people push in the direction of rejecting or being displeased with the outcome. This conflict may inhibit people's response to the advantageous but unfair outcomes. If people are indeed inhibited about how to respond to these kinds of outcomes, then lowering behavioral inhibition by reminding people of having acted in the past without inhibitions (in a manner that is unrelated to the outcomes participants subsequently receive) should affect reactions to the outcomes. Specifically, we hypothesize that because many people are prosocial and want to adhere to principles of fairness, reminders of behavioral disinhibition will lead to less pleasure with the unfairly obtained outcomes. The results of 8 experiments (conducted both inside and outside the psychology laboratory) revealed evidence for this benign disinhibition effect on various reactions to outcomes that are better than deserved. In further accordance with our line of reasoning, the effect is particularly pronounced among those who adhere to a prosocial orientation or who have adopted a prosocial mindset and is not observed among those with proself orientations or mindsets. 相似文献
330.
The present study examined the relation of calling and academic satisfaction with a diverse sample of 312 undergraduate students. The presence of a calling was moderately correlated with academic satisfaction, and a multiple mediation model was utilized to test three potential mediators to this relation: career decision self-efficacy, work hope, and meaning in life. Using bootstrapping techniques, significant indirect effects were found for two of the three mediators, career decision self-efficacy, and work hope. After including the mediators in the model, the relation of calling and academic satisfaction was non-significant. These results indicate that calling relates to greater satisfaction in the academic domain in part because of increased career decision self-efficacy and work hope. Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献