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ABSTRACT— Many studies have established that 2-month-old infants have knowledge of solid objects' basic physical properties. Evidence about infants' understanding of nonsolid substances, however, is relatively sparse and equivocal. We present two experiments demonstrating that 5-month-old infants have distinct expectations for how solids and liquids behave. Experiment 1 showed that infants use the motion cues from the surface of a contained liquid or solid to predict whether it will pour or tumble from a cup if the cup is upended. Experiment 2 extended these findings to show that motion cues lead to distinct expectations about whether a new object will pass through or remain on top of a substance. Together, these experiments demonstrate that 5-month-old infants are able to use movement cues and solidity to discriminate a liquid from an object of similar appearance, providing the earliest evidence that infants can reason about nonsolid substances. 相似文献
42.
Matthew J. Hertenstein Carrie A. Hansel Alissa M. Butts Sarah N. Hile 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(2):99-105
Based on social–functional accounts of emotion, we conducted two studies examining whether the degree to which people smiled
in photographs predicts the likelihood of divorce. Along with other theorists, we posited that smiling behavior in photographs
is potentially indicative of underlying emotional dispositions that have direct and indirect life consequences. In the first
study, we examined participants’ positive expressive behavior in college yearbook photos and in Study 2 we examined a variety
of participants’ photos from childhood through early adulthood. In both studies, divorce was predicted by the degree to which
subjects smiled in their photos.
相似文献
Matthew J. HertensteinEmail: |
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Attachment theory, as a developmentally based theory of personality formation, provides a viable framework for understanding the development and maintenance of personality disorders, or what A. E. Ivey and M. B. Ivey (1998) have referred to as “developmental personality styles.” Using K. Bartholomew's (1990) 4‐dimensional model of adult attachment as an organizational framework, 10 developmental personality styles are differentiated regarding their unique attachment experiences, working models of self and other, and feedforward beliefs. Implications of an attachment theory framework for counseling clients with problematic developmental personality styles are discussed. 相似文献
45.
Previous research has found concurrent and prospective associations between negative mood and body dissatisfaction; however, only experimental research can establish causal relationships. This study utilized an experimental design to examine the influence of negative mood on body dissatisfaction. Undergraduate women were randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition. Participants in the experimental condition (n=21) completed a negative mood induction procedure. Participants in the control condition (n=24) completed a neutral mood procedure. All participants completed visual analog scales regarding their mood and satisfaction with weight and shape before and after each manipulation. Body dissatisfaction increased following the procedure for experimental but not control participants, suggesting that negative mood caused increased body dissatisfaction. In cultures that idealize thinness, body dissatisfaction may arise from funneling general feelings of dysphoria into more concrete and culturally meaningful negative feelings about the body. 相似文献
46.
Seth G. Disner John E. McGeary Tony T. Wells Alissa J. Ellis Christopher G. Beevers 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2014,14(4):1259-1270
Genetic variation within the serotonin system has been associated with biased attention for affective stimuli and, less consistently, with vulnerability for major depressive disorder. In particular, 5-HTTLPR, HTR1A (rs6295), and HTR2A (rs6311) polymorphisms have been linked with biased cognition. The present study developed a serotonergic cumulative genetic score (CGS) that quantified the number of risk alleles associated with these candidate polymorphisms to yield a single CGS. The CGS was then used to model genetic influence on the relationship between reactivity to a negative mood induction and negatively biased cognition. A passive-viewing eye-tracking task was administered to 170 healthy volunteers to assess sustained attention for positive, dysphoric, neutral, and threatening scenes. Participants were then induced into a sad mood and readministered the passive-viewing task. Change in gaze bias, as a function of reactivity to mood induction, was the primary measure of cognitive vulnerability. Results suggest that, although none of the individual genes interacted with mood reactivity to predict change in gaze bias, individuals with higher serotonin CGS were significantly more likely to look toward dysphoric images and away from positive images as mood reactivity increased. These findings suggest that a CGS approach may better capture genetic influences on cognitive vulnerability and reaffirm the need to examine multilocus approaches in genomic research. 相似文献
47.
Ana Abu-Rus Noah Bussell Donald C. Olsen Marie Ardill Alissa L. Davis-Ku Meline A. Arzoumanian 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(8):595-606
One hundred eighty trauma-focused dissertations published in the United States were examined to determine the variation in risk language used in the informed consents. Level of risk proposed in the informed consents was poorly related to ratings of risk by graduate coders and virtually unrelated to vulnerability factors such as the age of participants and clinical or nonclinical status. Risk language in the informed consents was markedly elevated over that rated by the coders, with more than one third of the dissertations presenting the risk of participation as severe (i.e., associated with substantial risk of reactivity and lasting discomfort). These statements are not in keeping with the literature and raise ethical concerns in relation to (a) nocebo effects, (b) distortion of correlational findings, and (c) discouragement of participants from disclosing trauma in other settings. 相似文献
48.
ABSTRACTThe authors investigated the relationship between offender height and pedophilic interest in a sample of 22,228 registered sex offenders (RSOs). Concerns have been raised by a former collaborator that some of the data used in the analyses might be unreliable. In this clarification research note, we respond by briefly summarizing our methodology, describing the concerns, and then discussing our rationale for decisions made in the sampling procedures and analyses. 相似文献
49.
Robin L. West Dana K. Bagwell ∗ Alissa Dark-Freudeman 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):302-329
ABSTRACT A multifactorial training program was developed for older adults, to improve self-efficacy and memory performance. Elements designed to raise self-efficacy were integrated into class discussions, homework readings, and practice exercises, including an emphasis on memory potential at any age, self-set goals, and opportunities for mastery. Strategy training focused on association, organization, attention, imagery, and PQRST. Significant improvements for the training group, as compared to a wait-list control group, were observed for memory self-efficacy, locus of control, name recall and story recall. Trained participants were using effective strategies more so than the control group. Final test scores were predicted by self-efficacy, condition assignment, and baseline ability (with some variation across the three tasks). These findings suggest that an integrated and comprehensive training program that incorporates principles of self-efficacy theory has great potential for improving older adults' memory ability. 相似文献
50.
Kaslow NJ Price AW Wyckoff S Bender Grall M Sherry A Young S Scholl L Millington Upshaw V Rashid A Jackson EB Bethea K 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2004,10(1):5-22
This study compared person risk factors among the following groups of low-income, African American adults in an urban, public hospital: (a) suicide attempters and nonattempters, (b) male and female attempters, and (c) all 4 groups (50 female attempters, 50 female nonattempters, 50 male attempters, and 50 male nonattempters). Participants completed psychological distress, aggression, substance use, cognitive processes, religiosity/spirituality, and ethnic identity measures. Compared with nonattempters, attempters reported more psychological distress, aggression, substance use, and maladaptive coping strategies; less religiosity/spirituality; and lower levels of ethnic identity. Male attempters endorsed more substance use than female attempters. No person risk factors differentiated among the 4 groups. Assessment of person risk factors and implementation of commensurate culturally competent interventions are recommended. 相似文献