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731.
Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been found to exhibit lower levels of false recognition of semantic associates compared with healthy older adults. Because these patients may show impaired performance of episodic and semantic memory tasks, this finding could be explained by deficits in episodic memory, semantic memory, or both. The authors adapted a paradigm for comparison of semantic versus phonological false recognition. They found that: (a) patients with AD exhibited lower levels of corrected false recognition of semantic, phonological, and hybrid (mixed semantic and phonological) lists than older adults, and (b) patients with AD showed very similar levels of false recognition for all list types. These results suggest that only episodic memory deficits are necessary to explain the lower level of false recognition of semantic associates observed in patients with AD when compared to older adults. Additionally, (c) older adults showed greater levels of semantic, phonological, and hybrid false recognition than younger adults, extending previous false recognition research of semantically related words and categorized colored photographs to phonologically related words. 相似文献
732.
733.
A case study of community-based participatory research ethics: The healthy public housing initiative
We conducted and analyzed qualitative interviews with 12 persons working on the Healthy Public Housing Initiative in Boston,
Massachusetts in 2001. Our goal was to generate ideas and themes related to the ethics of the community-based participatory
research in which they were engaged. Specifically, we wanted to see if we found themes that differed from conventional research
that is based on an individualistic ethics. There were clearly distinct ethical issues raised with respect to projects and
individuals who engage in community-based collaborations. The differences that arose from the interviews were seeking equality
between the partners, the need for the community partner to defend the community, dealing with unflattering data, meeting
community expectations and producing tangible benefits to the community.
Alison Kole is an MD/MPH candidate, Tufts University School of Medicine. 相似文献
734.
Disruptive and delinquent girls are not well served by the mental health and juvenile justice systems. Interventions that
have been developed for the behavior problems of boys are frequently applied to girls despite growing evidence for a female-specific
phenotype, developmental course, and set of risk factors from middle childhood onwards. The current review demonstrates that
evidence of the effectiveness of treatments for girls with disruptive and delinquent behaviors is extremely limited, with
relatively few studies including sufficient numbers of females or reporting on treatment effects by gender. However, a small
body of evidence suggests that interventions specifically designed to address female behavior problems or risk factors can
be effective in ameliorating disruptive and delinquent behaviors in both pre-adolescence and adolescence. Multi-modal interventions
that target interacting domains of risk also show promise. Methodological issues are discussed and recommendations are made
for the development and evaluation of future interventions to prevent and reduce girls’ disruptive and delinquent behavior. 相似文献
735.
Burlingame GM Earnshaw D Hoag M Barlow SH Richardson EJ Donnell AJ Villani J 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2002,52(4):555-587
This article describes the collaborative effort of a team of discipline directors, administrators, and academicians to create a systematic program to enhance the group competencies of a large clinical staff working at a state hospital. The effects of the program were tested by a quasi-experimental field study. Quantitative measures of group process provided limited support for program effectiveness. Stronger support came from qualitative inquiry. The development and effectiveness of the program is examined within a larger context of group programs housed in large health care organizations. 相似文献
736.
Metcalfe J 《Journal of experimental psychology. General》2002,131(3):349-363
Five experiments investigated whether people allocate their study time according to the discrepancy reduction model (i.e., to the most difficult items; J. Dunlosky & C. Hertzog, 1998) or to items in their own region of proximal learning. Consistent with the latter hypothesis, as more time was given, people shifted toward studying more difficult items. Experts, whether college students or Grade 6 children, devoted their time to items that were more difficult than did novices. However, in a multiple-trials experiment, people regressed toward easier items on Trial 2 rather than shifting to more difficult items, perhaps because Trial 1 feedback revealed poor learning of the easiest items. These findings are in opposition to the discrepancy reduction model and support the region of proximal learning hypothesis. 相似文献
737.
Data regarding the connection between personality disorders (PDs) and impaired social functioning are often difficult to interpret because both sets of variables are influenced by depressed mood and both are usually assessed using self-report instruments. We studied PD symptoms in a nonclinical population and examined whether these symptoms are associated with social dysfunction, after controlling for current mental state. Participants were 577 undergraduate students who completed self-report measures of social functioning, PD symptoms, depression, and anxiety, as well as a peer-report PD inventory. As expected, self-reported PD scores and social dysfunction were both correlated with current levels of anxiety and depression. Both self- and peer-reported PD symptoms contributed to the prediction of level of social functioning above and beyond the influence of depressed mood. Overall, our results complement those from clinical samples and provide further evidence that there is an association between PD traits and impaired social functioning. 相似文献
738.
The authors investigated the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of the diagnostic scales from the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Participants were identified from a sample of 240 undergraduates who completed the SNAP and the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS-SR) at Time 1. The authors selected 50 people who met criteria for a personality disorder (PD) based on the SNAP and 50 who did not qualify for a diagnosis. Eighty-three of these people completed the SNAP and the SAS-SR for a second time approximately 9 months after initial screening. SNAP PD scales were relatively stable over time. Test-retest correlation coefficients ranged from .58 to .81. Scores on diagnostic scales for paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal PD were inversely related to self-reported levels of adjustment for social roles concerned with work as a student, leisure activities, and relationships with family. The results provide some evidence for the validity of the SNAP 相似文献
739.
Despite considerable research on the Deese—Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, little attention has been paid to the reliability of the paradigm as a measure of individual differences. In the present research, we examined the reliability of the DRM paradigm in a 2-week test-retest design. This analysis showed that the false memories produced in the paradigm were quite stable across the 2-week period and that this stability had both global (cross-list) and list-specific components. In contrast, correct memories showed only global stability across the testing period. 相似文献
740.