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701.
In their influential review, Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, and Vohs (2003) concluded that self-esteem--the global component of self-concept--has no effect on subsequent academic performance. In contrast, Marsh and Craven's (2006) review of reciprocal effects models from an explicitly multidimensional perspective demonstrated that academic self-concept and achievement are both a cause and an effect of each other. Ironically, both reviews cited classic Youth in Transition studies in support of their respective claims. In definitive tests of these counter claims, the authors reanalyze these data-including self-esteem (emphasized by Baumeister et al.), academic self-concept (emphasized by Marsh & Craven), and postsecondary educational attainment-using stronger statistical methods based on five waves of data (grade 10 through 5 years after graduation; N=2,213). Integrating apparently discrepant findings under a common theoretical framework based on a multidimensional perspective, academic self-concept had consistent reciprocal effects with both achievement and educational attainment, whereas self-esteem had almost none. 相似文献
702.
When word pairs having a familiar order are sequentially flashed on a computer in their non-familiar order, (code zip), observers have a strong phenomenology of seeing them in familiar order (zip code). Reversal errors remained frequent even when participants obtained perceptual experience of reverse-display items by beginning with a block of longer-duration trials. A forced-choice order-detection procedure reduced but did not eliminate reversal errors, showing that "fast pairs" is a robust perceptual illusion. Even adjective + noun pairs (green skirt) showed reversal errors, and reversal errors increased with the log frequency of the word pair, consistent with a strong role for statistical processing at the level of multi-word units. 相似文献
703.
This study used in-depth interviews to explore the experiences of parents who were re-contacted with new genetic results many
years after the death of a child with a mitochondrial disorder. At the time of their child’s illness, parents had consented
to a tissue sample being taken to help with diagnosis of a suspected mitochondrial disorder, and subsequently further DNA
testing identified the genetic cause. Parents did not express negative feelings about being re-contacted with new information,
and hoped that continuing research might help other families. Positive aspects included relief from feelings of guilt over
the cause of the child’s disorder, and having accurate genetic information available for surviving children. Difficult emotional
and psychosocial implications included contradictions to previous beliefs about inheritance, deciding how and when to communicate
information to surviving children, and coping with new fears for the mother’s health if a gene located in the mitochondrial
DNA was identified. In half of the families the new results significantly altered the parents’ understanding of the inheritance
pattern. This study highlights the impact of new genetic information offered after a delay of several years, which has the
potential to re-open feelings of grief and uncertainty and can present a new inheritance scenario for which research participants
or their families are unprepared. Health professionals involved in conveying genetic research results can help to support
families through this process. 相似文献
704.
Misconceptions about basic genetic concepts and inheritance patterns may be widespread in the general population. This paper
investigates understandings of genetics, illness causality and inheritance among British Pakistanis referred to a UK genetics
clinic. During participant observation of genetics clinic consultations and semi-structured interviews in Urdu or English
in respondents’ homes, we identified an array of environmental, behavioral and spiritual understandings of the causes of medical
and intellectual problems. Misconceptions about the location of genetic information in the body and of genetic mechanisms
of inheritance were common, reflected the range of everyday theories observed for White British patients and included the
belief that a child receives more genetic material from the father than the mother. Despite some participants’ conversational
use of genetic terminology, some patients had assimilated genetic information in ways that conflict with genetic theory with
potentially serious clinical consequences. Additionally, skepticism of genetic theories of illness reflected a rejection of
a dominant discourse of genetic risk that stigmatizes cousin marriages. Patients referred to genetics clinics may not easily
surrender their lay or personal theories about the causes of their own or their child’s condition and their understandings
of genetic risk. Genetic counselors may need to identify, work with and at times challenge patients’ understandings of illness
causality and inheritance. 相似文献
705.
Dr Lillian May Fawcett Alison F. Garton Justine Dandy 《Australian journal of psychology》2009,61(3):175-182
An increasing body of research supports the positive physical, social and psychological health benefits of adolescent involvement in structured out‐of‐school leisure activities. Analysis of data from 1280 12–17‐year‐old Western Australian metropolitan high school students, found that several factors were associated with adolescent involvement in structured leisure activities, including parent support of the activity (both active and passive), intrinsic motivation and self‐efficacy. There were no significant gender differences in the rate of participation or hours spent participating in structured leisure activities overall. More female than male students, however, were involved in structured creative activities and male students spent significantly more time involved in structured physical group activities. Recommendations for supporting adolescent involvement in structured leisure activities are discussed. 相似文献
706.
Prior research has shown that race influences perceptions of facial expressions, with hostility detected earlier on young male Black than White faces. This study examined whether the interplay of race and age would moderate perceptions of hostility by having participants evaluate facial expressions of multiply-categorizable targets. Using a facial emotion change-detection task, we assessed evaluations of onset/offset of anger and happiness on faces of young and old Black and White men. Significant age by race interactions were observed: while participants perceived anger as lasting longer and appearing sooner on old compared to young White faces, this relationship was reversed for Black faces, with participants perceiving anger lasting longer and appearing sooner on young compared to old Black faces. Similar results were found for perceived happiness. These results suggest that perception during cross-categorization may be more complex than the simple additive function proposed by the double-jeopardy hypothesis, such that co-activation of other stereotypes may sometimes confer a protective benefit against bias. 相似文献
707.
We investigated whether the superior memory performance sometimes seen with delayed rather than immediate feedback was attributable
to the shorter retention interval (orlag to test) from the last presentation of the correct information in the delayed condition. Whetherlag to test was controlled or not, delayed feedback produced better final test performance than did immediate feedback, which in turn
produced better performance than did no feedback at all, when we tested Grade 6 children learning school-relevant vocabulary.
With college students learning GRE-level words, however, delayed feedback produced better performance than did immediate feedback
(and both were better than no feedback) when lag to test was uncontrolled, but there was no difference between the delayed
and immediate feedback conditions when the lag to test was controlled. 相似文献
708.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |
709.
J. Allister McGregor Laura Camfield Alison Woodcock 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(2):135-154
This paper considers the possible contribution of Quality of Life methods in international development policy and practice.
It discusses the role of theories of human needs in how public policy makers and implementors might distinguish between ‘needs’
and ‘wants’. There is a good case for extending theories of human need to encompass social and psychological needs, but when
we do so the ability of theory to distinguish between ‘needs’ and ‘wants’ begins to evaporate. Rather, by virtue of the core
relationship between needs denial and harm, it is argued that a theory of human need can provide a framework for reasoning
about what constitute needs. Empirical quality of life data can then assist policy makers to identify what constitute needs
satisfiers in particular societal and cultural contexts. They also can provide important information to enable processes of
public reasoning about the relative societal importance of different needs claims. The paper uses data generated through the
application of two Quality of Life methods in Southern and Northeast Thailand, which were employed as part of a comprehensive
study of the social and cultural construction of wellbeing in developing countries, to illustrate its arguments. The paper
concludes that if routinely incorporated into local policy process, such quality of life methods have a possible contribution
to make to effective democratic governance for development. 相似文献
710.
We tested the idea that real-world situations, such as the highly strenuous exercise involved in marathon running, that impose
extreme physical demands on an individual may result in neurohormonal changes that alter the functioning of memory. Marathon
runners were given implicit and explicit memory tasks before or immediately after they completed a marathon. Runners tested
immediately upon completing the marathon showed impairment in the explicit memory task but enhancement in the implicit memory
task. This postmarathon impairment in explicit memory is similar to that seen with amnesic patients with organic brain damage.
However, no previous studies have shown a simultaneous enhancement in the implicit memory task, as shown by the marathon runners
in the present study. This study indicates that human memory functioning can be dynamically altered by such activities as
marathon running, in which hundreds of thousands of healthy normal individuals routinely partake. 相似文献