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241.
Research indicates that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) contributes to working memory and executive control, whereas
the ventral frontal cortex (VFC) contributes to affective and motivational processing. Few studies have examined both the
functional specificity and the integration of these regions. We did so using fMRI and a verbal working memory task in which
visual cues indicated whether recall performance on an upcoming trial would be linked to a monetary reward. On the basis of
prior findings obtained in delayed response tasks performed by nonhuman primates, we hypothesized that (1) VFC would show
an increase only in response to a cue indicating potential for a monetary reward; (2) DLPFC would show sustained activity
across a delay interval for all trials, though activity in rewarded trials would be enhanced; and (3) regions engaged in speech-based
rehearsal would be relatively insensitive to monetary incentive. Our hypotheses about DLPFC and rehearsal-related regions
were confirmed. In VFC regions, we failed to observe statistically significant effects of reward when the cue or delay epochs
of the task were examined in isolation. However, an unexpected and significant deactivation was observed in VFC during the
delay epoch; furthermore, a post hoc voxelwise analysis indicated a complex interaction between (1) the cue and delay epochs
of the task and (2) the reward value of the trials. The pattern of activation and deactivation across trial types suggests
that VFC is sensitive to reward cues, and that portions of DLPFC and VFC may work in opposition during the delay epoch of
a working memory task in order to facilitate task performance. 相似文献
242.
Lambert AJ Payne BK Jacoby LL Shaffer LM Chasteen AL Khan SR 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,84(2):277-295
This article challenges the highly intuitive assumption that prejudice should be less likely in public compared with private settings. It proposes that stereotypes may be conceptualized as a type of dominant response (C. L. Hull, 1943; R. B. Zajonc, 1965) whose expression may be enhanced in public settings, especially among individuals high in social anxiety. Support was found for this framework in an impression formation paradigm (Experiment 1) and in a speeded task designed to measure stereotypic errors in perceptual identification (Experiment 2). Use of the process dissociation procedure (B. K. Payne, L. L. Jacoby, & A. J. Lambert, in press) demonstrated that these effects were due to decreases in cognitive control rather than increases in stereotype accessibility. The findings highlight a heretofore unknown and ironic consequence of anticipated public settings: Warning people that others may be privy to their responses may actually increase prejudice among the very people who are most worried about doing the wrong thing in public. 相似文献
243.
Two studies examine complementarity (vs. mimicry) of dominant and submissive nonverbal behaviors. In the first study, participants interacted with a confederate who displayed either dominance (through postural expansion) or submission (through postural constriction). On average, participants exposed to a dominant confederate decreased their postural stance, whereas participants exposed to a submissive confederate increased their stance. Further, participants with complementing responses (dominance in response to submission and submission in response to dominance) liked their partner more and were more comfortable than those who mimicked. In the second study, complementarity and mimicry were manipulated, and complementarity resulted in more liking and comfort than mimicry. The findings speak to the likelihood of hierarchical differentiation. 相似文献
244.
Other Index
Index 相似文献245.
The NEO Personality Inventory was given to 33 married patients with bipolar disorder. Consistent with previous findings, patients with bipolar disorder did not show an abnormal personality profile as a group. Extremely wide variation on all scales indicated that the group profile tells little about individual patients. Trait neuroticism robustly predicted psychiatric symptoms at entry to the study when assessed retrospectively for the two years prior to entry and when averaged over a year of treatment. Neuroticism also negatively predicted the self-confidence of the patients in this sample. The patients identified as outliers on neuroticism form a clinically difficult group for whom the distinction between Axes I and II appears to be less meaningful. 相似文献
246.
247.
Miles Hewstone John Carpenter David Routh Arlene Franklyn-Stokes 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1994,4(5):347-363
We report two studies which evaluate practically-oriented programmes of interprofessional contact involving doctors and social workers. The evaluation is based on the ‘contact hypothesis’ in intergroup relations, and highlights four sets of dependent measures: background perceptions, ingroup and outgroup ratings, knowledge, and judgements about work with outgroup partners and experienced contact. Consistent with the contact hypothesis, both studies revealed an improvement in outgroup attitudes, evidence of mutual intergroup differentiation (acknowledged superiority of ingroup and outgroup on independent dimensions), and increased outgroup knowledge. Greater change in Study 2 is interpreted in terms of its longer duration, and the opportunity it provided for contact with multiple outgroup members, compared with a single outgroup partner in Study 1. These findings from field studies are consistent with results from published laboratory experiments. 相似文献
248.
The process of solving visual analogies was examined using a digital video display and video-based eye tracker. The results indicated that increasing the complexity of an analogy by increasing the number of relations involved in the problem resulted primarily in increasing the time it takes to discover the mapping between the two members of the first pair. The display of the picture and the analysis of the eye fixations are described. 相似文献
249.
250.
Patrick S. Malone Paul J. Brounstein Alison von Brock Sally S. Shaywitz 《Journal of applied social psychology》1991,21(1):15-28
Forty-three (43) students from the Talent Identification Program's Summer Residential Program living in North Carolina took the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R; Wechsler, 1974) during the program. The test was also administered to 50 other North Carolina Students who qualified for the SRP but did not attend, as well as 34 students who had not been identified as gifted. The scores were evaluated for normative and idiographic strengths and weaknesses on the 12 subtests of the WISC-R. The idiographic differences were calculated by comparison against the average score of only the 6 subtests in the same subscale of the test (Verbal or Performance) as well as against all 12 subtests on the test. It was found by means of the former comparisons that the gifted students showed significantly more idiographic strengths on the Verbal scales and weaknesses on the Performance scales than the academically competent sample. 相似文献