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951.
Children are ubiquitous imitators, but how do they decide which actions to imitate? One possibility is that children rationally combine multiple sources of information about which actions are necessary to cause a particular outcome. For instance, children might learn from contingencies between action sequences and outcomes across repeated demonstrations, and they might also use information about the actor’s knowledge state and pedagogical intentions. We define a Bayesian model that predicts children will decide whether to imitate part or all of an action sequence based on both the pattern of statistical evidence and the demonstrator’s pedagogical stance. To test this prediction, we conducted an experiment in which preschool children watched an experimenter repeatedly perform sequences of varying actions followed by an outcome. Children’s imitation of sequences that produced the outcome increased, in some cases resulting in production of shorter sequences of actions that the children had never seen performed in isolation. A second experiment established that children interpret the same statistical evidence differently when it comes from a knowledgeable teacher versus a naïve demonstrator. In particular, in the pedagogical case children are more likely to “overimitate” by reproducing the entire demonstrated sequence. This behavior is consistent with our model’s predictions, and suggests that children attend to both statistical and pedagogical evidence in deciding which actions to imitate, rather than obligately imitating successful action sequences. 相似文献
952.
The cognitive and motor behavior that people perform in the course of pursuing a goal can induce a mind-set that persists to influence the strategy they use to attain very different goals in unrelated situations. Although the strategies governed by a mind-set are typically applied consciously and deliberately, they are performed without awareness of the reasons for their selection. Research in both social psychology and consumer behavior exemplifies the impact of mind-sets on comprehension, judgments, and decision making, thus providing evidence of the scope and diversity of their effects. 相似文献
953.
Amy M. Lyons Scott C. Leon Carolyn E. Roecker Phelps Alison M. Dunleavy 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(4):516-524
We examined the impact of autism severity and parental coping strategies on stress in parents of children with ASD. Children’s
autism symptoms and parental coping strategies (task-oriented, emotion-oriented, social diversion, and distraction) were evaluated
as predictors of four types of parental stress (parent and family problems, pessimism, child characteristics, and physical
incapacity). In order to examine potential buffering effects of coping strategies on stress associated with the child’s symptom
severity, the interactive effects of autism symptoms with coping strategies were also examined. Participants included 77 primary
caregivers of a child with ASD. Using multiple regression analyses, emotion-oriented coping scores were associated with more
parent and family problems, and task-oriented coping was associated with lower physical incapacity scores. The child’s autism
severity was the strongest and most consistent predictor of stress. Further, emotion-oriented coping moderated the relationship
between pessimism stress and autism symptomatology, and distraction coping was a moderator between parent and family stress
and autism symptoms. Results indicate that increasing our knowledge of the coping strategies that are more or less effective
and under what conditions some coping strategies may be either beneficial or harmful for this population of parents has direct
implications for treatment and parent education efforts. 相似文献
954.
955.
Clark A 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2010,55(5):636-649
Taking 'The psychology of the transference' (Jung 1946) and 'Problems of modern psychotherapy' (Jung 1931) as its text, this paper begins by challenging the usefulness of the term 'transcendent function' in contemporary debate about the nature of 'imagination and psychic transformation in analysis'. It argues that Jung's language in The Practice of Psychotherapy (CW 16)-fascination, suffering, infection, influence-is closer and truer to the experience it describes than the philosophically inspired terms transcendent function and conflict of opposites. His ideas in these writings anticipate later trends in psychoanalytic theory concerning countertransference and the effect of one mind on another, and constitute a theoretical basis for the concept of mutual transformation. Jung's radical insistence on an analytic relationship founded on mutual unconsciousness as the locus of transformation cannot, it is argued, be satisfactorily accounted for by the traditional terminology. 相似文献
956.
Whether choosing a cell phone, a senator, or a kitchen appliance, consumers today quickly find themselves awash in information from commercials, magazines, and websites. Whereas some of this information is broad, decontextualized, and abstracted across multiple individuals and instances, other information is more closely tied to a single experience within one specific context. The present research asks: under what circumstances do people rely on abstracted averages, and when are they swayed by another individual’s particular experience? Across three studies, we show that temporal distance increases the relative weight placed on aggregate vs. individualized information when participants are asked to choose between two sleeping pills, migraine medications, or kitchen appliances, and that this process impacts not only evaluation but also willingness to pay and choice. Potential implications for evaluation, decision-making, and base-rate utilization are discussed. 相似文献
957.
958.
Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Jenifer Walkowiak Alison Wilkinson Elizabeth Portman Minne 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(4):509-519
Understanding social interactions is crucial for development of social competence. The present study was one of the first
to utilize direct and indirect measures of social perception to explore possible differences among children with nonverbal
learning disability (NLD), Asperger’s Syndrome (AS), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined (ADHD-C), Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Predominately Inattentive (ADHD-PI), and controls (N = 342). Multiple informants provided ratings of the child’s behavioral and social functioning. Results indicated that the
NLD and AS groups experienced the most difficulty understanding emotional and nonverbal cues on the direct measure. In addition,
children with AS or NLD showed significant signs of sadness and social withdrawal compared to the other groups. Attentional
skills, while related to social perception, did not predict social perception difficulties to the same degree as number of
AS symptoms. 相似文献
959.
Alison R. Lewis Richard E. Zinbarg C. Emily Durbin 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):83-91
As observed by Zinbarg and Mineka (American Psychologist 62:259–261, 2007), the study of emotion regulation faces significant challenges that need to be addressed. In reviewing the articles in the
present issue, we comment upon how researchers have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to meet these challenges.
We suggest that the articles in the present volume demonstrate important conceptual and methodological advances in emotion
regulation research, but that the most central problems noted by Zinbarg and Mineka have yet to be fully remedied. In highlighting
both the progress made and problems faced by the field of emotion regulation, we suggest new directions for future research
in this area. 相似文献
960.
Alison G. Anderson 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2003,16(2):24-33
This paper examines how far new media technologies are transforming the nature of risk in contemporary society. It focuses
on the ways in which the Internet came to act as a key vehicle for the rapid circulation of news, rumors, and hoaxes, as well
as displays of public grieving, in the wake of September 11. The paper concludes by reassessing theories of “risk society”
in relation to growing anxieties about the nature of future terrorist attacks. It suggests that there is an urgent need to
understand how the dynamics of new media technologies are altering the ways in which we perceive such risks.
Her main research interests are focused around the news media and risk, and she is the author of Media, Culture and the Environment, UCL Press, 1997 (Rutgers University Press in the United States). 相似文献