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31.
Nancy E Betz Fred H Borgen Alisa Paulsen Lenore W Harmon 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2003,62(1):76-100
This series of studies describes the development and psychometric evaluation of 17 scales measuring confidence or self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of vocational activity. The confidence scales assessed previously measured interest dimensions such as Writing, Mechanical Activities, and Public Speaking, but also included dimensions reflective of recent changes in the nature of work or the culture of the workplace, for example, Using Technology, Creative Production, and Cultural Sensitivity. The scales were internally consistent, showed predictable patterns of gender differences and similarities, and were in generally most highly related to the predicted Holland confidence theme. Discriminant analyses of scores across the eight largest occupational groups represented indicated large improvements over chance, or a priori probabilities, in the prediction of occupational group membership. Further research on and use of these 17 new scales in joint interpretations of parallel measures of interest and confidence are discussed. 相似文献
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A cognitive style marked by emphasis on autonomy has been linked to negative outcomes throughout the life span. Two preliminary studies are presented that examined factors on a measure of autonomy (Personal Style Inventory‐Revised) in relation to propensity for suicidal behavior (Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire‐14; SBQ‐14). Perfectionism, B = .15, SE = 0.03, p < .01, and Defensive Separation, B = .04, SE = 0.01, p ≤ .01, predicted SBQ‐14 in younger adults. Need for Control, B = .234, SE = 0.10, p < .05, predicted SBQ‐14 in older adults. Findings suggest that aspects of autonomy may be relevant to understanding suicidal behavior; however, more research is needed examining the association between autonomy and suicidal behavior in the context of depression. Nonetheless, these studies suggest a promising avenue for future research. 相似文献
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Children raised in the profound deprivation associated with institutionalization are at elevated risk for negative outcomes
across a host of social and cognitive domains. This risk appears to be mitigated by early foster care or adoption into a family
setting. Although pervasive developmental problems have been noted in a substantial proportion of previously institutionalized
children, marked variation exists in the nature and severity of these deficits. Increasing evidence suggests that institutional
deprivation impacts the developing brain, potentially underlying the wide range of outcomes with which it is associated. In
the current review we examine the neural consequences of institutionalization and genetic factors associated with differences
in outcome in an effort to characterize the consequences of early deprivation at a neurobiological level. Although the effects
of institutional deprivation have been studied for more than 50 years much remains unanswered regarding the pathways through
which institutionalization impacts child development. Through a more complete and nuanced assessment of the neural correlates
of exposure and recovery as well as a better understanding of the individual factors involved we will be better able to delineate
the impact of early adversity in the setting of severe social deprivation. 相似文献
37.
Yechiam E Kanz JE Bechara A Stout JC Busemeyer JR Altmaier EM Paulsen JS 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(1):44-51
Using a novel quantitative model of repeated choice behavior, we investigated the cognitive processes of criminal offenders incarcerated for various crimes. Eighty-one criminals, including violent offenders, drug and sex offenders, drivers operating a vehicle while impaired, and 18 matched controls were tested. The results were also contrasted with those obtained from neurological patients with focal brain lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex and from drug abusers. Participants performed the computerized version of the Iowa gambling task (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994), and the results were decomposed into specific component processes, using the expectancy valence model (Busemeyer & Stout, 2002). The findings indicated that whereas all the criminal groups tended to select disadvantageously, the cognitive profiles exhibited by different groups were considerably different. Certain subpopulations--most significantly, drug and sex offenders--overweighted potential gains as compared with losses, similar to chronic cocaine abusers. In contrast, assault/murder criminals tended to make less consistent choices and to focus on immediate outcomes and, in these respects, weremore similar to patients with orbitofrontal damage. The present cognitive model provides a novel way for building a bridge between cognitive neuroscience and complex human behaviors. 相似文献
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Ms Alisa Green Therese Garrick Donna Sheedy Helen Blake Arthur Shores Clive Harper 《Australian journal of psychology》2008,60(2):72-79
The aim of the present study was to establish demographically adjusted normative data for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in an Australian context. RBANS data from 172 healthy Australian community dwelling adults enrolled in the “Using our Brains” (UoB) Brain Tissue Donor program between April 2002 and September 2005 were included in this study. The present study group differed from the original North American normative sample on all 12 subtests and five RBANS indices. Education and to a lesser degree age were related to RBANS performance. The present study provides complementary RBANS normative data for clinicians and researchers when interpreting RBANS results for Australian individuals closely matching those reported in this study. 相似文献
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To study different aspects of facial emotion recognition, valid methods are needed. The more widespread methods have some limitations. We propose a more ecological method that consists of presenting dynamic faces and measuring verbal reaction times. We presented 120 video clips depicting a gradual change from a neutral expression to a basic emotion (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise), and recorded hit rates and reaction times of verbal labelling of emotions. Our results showed that verbal responses to six basic emotions differed in hit rates and reaction times: happiness > surprise > disgust > anger > sadness > fear (this means these emotional responses were more accurate and faster). Generally, our data are in accordance with previous findings, but our differentiation of responses is better than the data from previous experiments on six basic emotions. 相似文献
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Synthese - In bodily awareness body parts are felt to occupy locations relative to the rest of the body. Bodily sensations are felt to be, in Brian O’Shaughnessy’s terms... 相似文献