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71.
Alicia F. Lieberman Patricia Van Horn Carina M. Grandison Judith H. Pekarsky 《Infant mental health journal》1997,18(2):158-170
This article describes the mental health assessment in preparation for treatment conducted in two University-based clinical programs that offer dyadic child-parent psychotherapy as the treatment modality. The Infant-Parent Program is a mental health program serving children between birth and 3 years of age and their families when the parent-child relationship is jeopardized by risk factors in the parent, child, or family circumstances. The Child Trauma Research Project is an intervention outcome research program serving preschool- aged children and their mothers when the child witnessed domestic violence. The programs share a similar assessment approach emphasizing the importance of a working alliance, spontaneous parental reports, and observation of child-parent interaction in a variety of settings. However, their different functions in terms of clinical service and research dictate appropriate modifications in their respective assessment procedures. The two assessment protocols and their rationale will be described in the context of the clinical and research goals of the programs. © 1997 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health 相似文献
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We compared two sources of behavior variability: decreased levels of reinforcement and reinforcement contingent on variability itself. In Experiment 1, four groups of rats were reinforced for different levels of response-sequence variability: one group was reinforced for low variability, two groups were reinforced for intermediate levels, and one group was reinforced for very high variability. All of the groups experienced three different reinforcement frequencies for meeting their respective variability contingencies. Results showed that reinforcement contingencies controlled response variability more than did reinforcement frequencies. Experiment 2 showed that only those animals concurrently reinforced for high variability acquired a difficult-to-learn sequence; animals reinforced for low variability learned little or not at all. Variability was therefore controlled mainly by reinforcement contingencies, and learning increased as a function of levels of baseline variability. Knowledge of these relationships may be helpful to those who attempt to condition operant responses. 相似文献
73.
Peter R. Finn Alicia N. Justus Carlos Mazas Linda Rorick Joseph E. Steinmetz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2001,36(2):154-167
This study investigated whether low levels of the personality trait of constraint and early-onset alcoholism would be associated
with deficits in aversive conditioning and smaller responses to novelty in a stimulus mismatch protocol. Personality traits
(constraint and socialization) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) during conditioning and novelty paradigms were assessed
in alcoholics (n=41) and non-alcoholics (n=32). The conditioning protocol involved measuring SCRs after conditioned stimuli
(CS+: tones) paired with shock, CS− tones unpaired with shock, and CS+ probes unpaired with shock. The mismatch protocol involved
measuring SCRs to auditory stimuli consisting of a series of 5 pure tones of the same pitch followed a shorter white noise
stimulus (the novel stimulus). Contrary to the hypothesis, alcoholics did not differ from non-alcoholics in SCRs to CS+ probes
or on the mismatch measure (SCR novel tone—SCR to 5th tone). Higher levels of constraint and self-reports of fear during conditioning were associated with smaller responses to
both the CS+ probes and the CS− tones as well as the mismatch measure within non-alcoholics, but not within alcoholics. In
alcoholics, low constraint was associated with greater habituation to CS+ probes, and poor differential conditioning on measures
of change across trials in SCR to CS+ probes and CS− stimuli. The results suggest that different processes influence levels
of constraint in non-alcoholics and alcoholics. The data indicate that low constraint in non-alcoholics is associated with
allocating fewer processing resources to potentially significant stimuli, rather than being associated with a specific deficit
in aversive conditioning per se. 相似文献
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Video game characters have the potential to shape players’ perceptions of gender roles. Through social comparison processes, players learn societal expectations of appearances, behaviors and roles. Forty-nine articles were coded from current U.S. gaming magazines, resulting in 115 coded characters. This content analysis of video game magazine articles investigated how characters are portrayed, focusing on gender differences. Males were more likely to be heroes and main characters, use more weapons, have more abilities, and were more muscular and powerful. Females were more often supplemental characters, more attractive, sexy, and innocent, and also wore more revealing clothing. Understanding these video game messages is an important first step in understanding the effects games and magazines may have on behavior and attitudes. 相似文献
76.
Which employees tend to better perform with customers? We suggest a combination of individual differences; specifically, we consider both why employees are working (prosocial motivation) and how (emotional labor). Deep acting should enhance the positive relationship between prosocial motivation and performance, while surface acting should dampen this relationship. Using a field sample of 214 grocery clerks and supervisor ratings of interpersonal performance with customers, we did not find the amplifying effect of deep acting. We do find the dampening effect for surface acting, such that surface acting buffers those with low prosocial motives, presumably by allowing them to “act” like they want to help others. This helps to explain the weak relationship of prosocial motives with performance and suggests implications for research and practice. 相似文献
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Eye Remember What Happened: Eye‐Closure Improves Recall of Events but not Face Recognition 下载免费PDF全文
Annelies Vredeveldt Colin G. Tredoux Kate Kempen Alicia Nortje 《Applied cognitive psychology》2015,29(2):169-180
Eye‐closure improves event recall. We investigated whether eye‐closure can also facilitate subsequent performance on lineup identification (Experiment 1) and face recognition tasks (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, participants viewed a theft, recalled the event with eyes open or closed, mentally rehearsed the perpetrator's face with eyes open or closed, and viewed a target‐present or target‐absent lineup. Eye‐closure improved event recall, but did not significantly affect lineup identification accuracy. Experiment 2 employed a face recognition paradigm with high statistical power to permit detection of potentially small effects. Participants viewed 20 faces and were later asked to recognize the faces. Thirty seconds before the recognition task, participants either completed an unrelated distracter task (control condition), or were instructed to think about the face with their eyes open (rehearsal condition) or closed (eye‐closure condition). We found no differences between conditions in discrimination accuracy or response criterion. Potential explanations and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献